Ch 5, 5, 7 (Questions and Answers) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ch 5, 5, 7 (Questions and Answers) - Essay Example Printed and electronic sources can be used for the exploration with electronic sources that are routinely refreshed giving precise data. The web has ground-breaking web crawlers that can recognize material to the detail of the specialist. A magazine that Specializes in deck industry can be recognized as long as the company’s data is on the web. Open libraries can likewise be utilized to distinguish such organizations. Q#5. Stood up to by low deals, the leader of Oaks International Inc. asks a think-tank to consider the exercises of the client connection office in the organization. What are a portion of the significant reasons that this exploration venture may neglect to make a satisfactory commitment to the arrangement of the executives issues? An inn has numerous divisions and the organization ought not confine the exploration office to examination of the client relations office. All the divisions in the lodging ought to be inspected to give indisputable proof. The issues may likewise be in different divisions adding to the general issue. Amendment of the business office may take care of part of the issue any may build deals underneath the associations potential. The exploration restriction to one division may yield one-sided results as the specialists are coordinated towards the issue. The organization should enlist the think-tank to assess the issue confronting the organization without pinpointing the wellspring of the issue (Cooper and Schindler, 2010). To see how emergency clinics plan and train chips in, the initial step is recognize some example medical clinics which to direct research. In the wake of recognizing these emergency clinics, the specialist should direct a writing research by perusing data from the web and books on how the procedure of planning and preparing of laborers happens. The specialist would then be able to visit the example emergency clinics and contrast them and those from the writing

How to Start Paying Students for Good Grades Effectively

Step by step instructions to Start Paying Students for Good Grades Effectively SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Paying understudies for passing marks is a dubious practice, and many would contend that it demeans the learning experience (quip expected). In any case, it creates the impression that occasionally fiscal motivators can be a positive inspiration for battling understudies in the event that they are applied carefully. I'll experience some logical discoveries onthe achievement of motivating force programs in schools and afterward give you thoughts for how you can mindfully actualize a prize arrangement for your understudy. Money Incentives for Students: Who Pays? Guardians or Schools? A few schools have explored different avenues regarding installment programs (as I’ll talk about in the following couple of areas), and the outcomes from these investigations can helpparents choose if and how to utilize money related motivating forces for good grades.Since it is improbable that your secondary school is or will be a piece of these sorts of studies, in the last segment of this article I will examine how guardians can execute installment frameworks to remunerate understudies for passing marks. Little impetuses are likely inside the compass of most guardians. Fun minimal effort encounters can likewise be fill in for money!In considering the victories and disappointments of test school-based installment plans, we can cause surmisings about how guardians to can effectively utilize fiscal awards to assist understudies with showing signs of improvement grades. The examinations I portray in the following segment will provideinformation that can be applied to the more explicit conditions encompassing you and your family. What Do Studies Say About Paying Studentsfor Good Grades? There have been a couple of studies throughout the years that have tried different things with paying understudies for joining in and doing admirably in school. At Chelsea High School in Chelsea, MA, understudies were given $25 on the off chance that they had an ideal attendancerecord during a school term. This examination ran from 2004-2008 yet didn't appear to yield any enhancements in scholastic execution or participation at the school. Schools have likewise tried different things with giving understudies prizes for participation. In Georgia, at Stone Creek Elementary School, understudies were given impetuses for participation including computer game consoles, dessert, and different prizes. The pace of understudies missing at least 15 days of school during the year dropped by 10 percent. This investigation may have had more accomplishment than the one in Chelsea in light of the fact that the encapsulation of motivating forces through something like a Xbox is more energizing to kids than the possibility of procuring $25 toward the finish of a semester. Appears sort of a counterproductive prize, however whatever. The most wide-extending studyon fiscal motivations for passing marks was composed by Harvard financial specialist and organizer of Harvard’s Education Innovation Laboratory, Roland Fryer, in the urban communities of Dallas, New York City, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. More than 38,000 understudies were given checks for performing admirably in school. Every city had an alternate motivating force framework to test the benefits of different techniques for paying understudies for passing marks. The exploratory gathering in Dallas was included 3,718 second-grade understudies at21 distinctive state funded schools in the Dallas Independent School District. These understudies were paid $2 each time they read a book, with a constraint of 20 books for every semester. To procure the prize, understudies needed to take an AR (Accelerated Reader) test on the book and score in any event a 80 percent. The normal understudy got $13.81 in motivating force installments, with an aggregate of $42,800 circulated. In New York City, 63 schools were remembered for the exploratory gathering with an aggregate of 15,883 fourth and seventh-grade understudies. Motivating forces were given out dependent on understudies' exhibition on six modernized tests (three in perusing and three in math) and four pencil and paper prescient appraisals. Fourth graders earned $5 for finishing a test and $25 for an ideal score. Motivators for seventh graders were set at twofold this sum, so they earned $10 for finishing a test and $50 for an ideal score. For this situation, the normal fourth-grader earned $139.43, and the normal seventh-grader earned $231.55. The part of the examination in Chicago was led in 20 low-performing state funded schools with 7,655 ninth-graders. For this situation, understudies were essentially given motivating forces for their evaluations in five center courses: English, math, science, sociology, and rec center. Understudies would procure $50 for each A, $35 for every B, $20 for every C, and no cash for lower grades. The normal understudy earned $695.61. In Washington, D.C., 17 schools were remembered for the test gathering. 6th, seventh, and eighth-grade understudies were given motivating forces dependent on participation, conduct, and three different data sources picked by each school separately. These for the most part included things like wearing a school uniform and finishing schoolwork and classwork. Understudies were given one point for every one of the five measurements they fulfilled on a given school day. This implied understudies could gain a limit of 50 focuses during every fourteen day payroll interval. Each point was compensated with a $2 fiscal motivation. The normal understudy earned about $40 at regular intervals. Give kids the blessing that continues giving: real money. From the information gathered after these examinations, there is exceptionally restricted proof to recommend that money related motivating forces improve understudy execution. In Chicago, GPA and credits earned on normal expanded by a modest quantity, yet there were no progressions in state sanctioned grades. In New York, no critical positive changes were noted as far as either test scores or GPA. The bit of the examination directed in Dallas gave some potential. Perusing accomplishment expanded fundamentally on normalized English tests taken continuously graders after the examination. The center school understudies in Washington, D.C. schools additionally exhibited improvement in perusing and, to a lesser degree, math scores. In the following segment, I'll go over what these outcomes may mean with respect to the effectivenessof paying understudies for passing marks. What Can We Learn From This Information? The achievement of these approaches relied vigorously upon how and for what reasonthe cash wasdistributed.Students were bound to improve on the off chance that they were given fiscal compensations for solid assignments like understanding books (Dallas) or finishing classwork (D.C.) as opposed to something more abstractlike gaining a certain grade.If understudies don’t have a comprehension of the devices and systems they have to execute so as to improve, they won’t have the option to change their evaluations or grades. Progressively explicit orders help kids who may have never figured out how to concentrate appropriately jump destined for success. Enhancements in evaluations and scores may come later thus. When all is said in done, the examinations demonstrate that offering cash to understudies for passing marks possibly works in the event that you likewise give them the techniques they have to arrive and give motivating forces to littler achievements that are less intimidating.Inputs, as opposed to yields, ought to be remunerated first. It's difficult to arrive at your goal in the event that you don't have headings. Additionally, whoever snapped this photo ought to most likely quit lying in streets for fair educated photography. The Pros and Cons of Paying Kids for Good Grades On the off chance that you’re contemplating compensating your youngster with money for passing marks, you should take the contentions for and against itinto account.Some would state that, regardless of whether a kid improves their evaluations because of a fiscal impetus, it’s sending an inappropriate message.When you set up cash as a spark, it might make an understudy lose any thankfulness for the natural estimation of learning.If their lone inspiration is cash, they may lose enthusiasm for the genuine subjects and could endure later on when prizes are less forthcoming.This won't occur with each child, yet it’s a hazard that goes with the job. Nonetheless, on the off chance that you have an understudy who’s unmotivated and just feels like there’s no good reason for attempting in school, cash could be a decent motivator.Even for understudies who don’t plan on setting off for college, it’s critical to get a secondary school degree.Paying understudies who plan on going to exchange schools or callings as opposed to a four-year school might be a gainful strategy.Students who feel like they’re â€Å"not cut out for school† may react well to solid impetuses for good scholastic execution. The privilegeof having the option to wear a terrible cap is just one of the numerous advantages of moving on from secondary school. What's the Most Effective Method ofPaying Your Child for Good Grades? In the event that you’re wanting to see genuine improvement, you should move your youngster to meet explicit momentary objectives first. Abstain from saying something like â€Å"I’ll give you $100 on the off chance that you get An in this class.† If your youngster isdoing inadequately in a class, shemight not realize where to start as far as improving herperformance to an A level. Rather, you can have a go at something like â€Å"If you finish each issue set you’re doled out in Algebra 2/read all the sections you were alloted for English/chip away at your history venture for three hours this week, I’ll give you $10.† These are solid objectives that any understudy can accomplish with some persistence.You can in any case plan on giving your kid a reward if and when she arrives at a specific letter grade, however meanwhile, making child strides towards that grade with momentary objectives is significant. To make it somewhat more fun, you could set up a framework where, if a studentcompletes a specific number of little achievements, the person wins a fiscal reward.This may work if your youngster is battling in more than one class and needs to do a lot of work in various zones to make up for lost time. Another thought that could be far better than a money reward is to remunerate your kid with a great encounter for determined examination habits.This could be as basic as going out to a most loved café or taking a day trip. It all

The Idea of National Interest

The Idea of National Interest The Idea of National Interest Home›Consideration Posts›The Idea of National Interest Consideration PostsShould Government Use Propaganda to Persuade Citizens to Support its Idea of National Interest?The definition of the word propaganda is highly debatable due to the fact that there are various forms of propaganda but a simpler way could be that propaganda is any information, ideas or rumours deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, a movement, institution, nation, etc. It can also be defined as the deliberate spreading of such information, or the particular doctrines or principles propagated by an organization or movement. Propaganda is therefore information or ideas, the spreading of such information and the means by which the ideas are spread to either help or harm individual(s) (Evonne, 74). propaganda can be in forms of adverts i.e. using strong statements to state your product as the best in the market, an appeal to convince subjects that one side is the winning side or feeding subjects with only positive ideas and omitting the contrary information.The government should not use propaganda to persuade its citizens to support its ideas of national interests; this is because propagandas are always based on one side of opinion neglecting the contrary ideas or information which could otherwise be of equal importance to the subjects. They always aim at moving the subjects to join a crowd or common multitude just because others are doing so or due to selfishness but not on concrete reasons. This is exemplified by the World War 1 in which all nations that participated used propaganda posters not only as a means of justifying involvement in the war but also as a means of procuring men, money and resources from their citizens to sustain the military neglecting the wars effects on the people (Evonne, 78).Propagandas are known to always focus on one perspective of a topic, supporting it at all costs while neglecting the minority’s opinion. T his is a very wrong approach in today’s world where diplomacy has taken preference such that the majority should have their way while the minority have their say (Gardner, McDevitt, Hoogeveen and Scully, 160).It is therefore very inappropriate that in a world governed by democracy where each citizen has a right to speak his/her mind and make personal decisions is influenced by propaganda from his or her own government.

The Leaders Of The Roman Catholic Church - 804 Words

Anabaptist Leaders Many religions came about during the Christian Reformation 16th and 17th century. Martin Luther opposed the Roman Catholic Church, Huldrych Zwingli led the protestant reformation in Switzerland, and this led to more radical reform in Switzerland led by Conrad Grebel with Anabaptists. One of the main causes of the reformation was individuals looking at the church and scriptures and seeing where things did not line up biblically. There was a distinct difference between the views of the Roman Catholic Church and Protestant Churches. Anabaptist however did not see themselves as Protestant or Catholic but rather a completely separate entity with their own set of beliefs and views. They felt that the church had strayed too far way form the scriptures and wanted to return to the early church. They held the Sermon on the Mount is such high regards which in itself went against the Church and State being together in their beliefs. The Anabaptist felt that the State should gr ant religious liberty and in doing so they were willing to suffer and die rather than go against their beliefs imposed by the state. This lead to several Anabaptist leaders and followers to be martyred because of their strong belief in Doctrine and their beliefs to return to the Early Church where the State and Church were separate. The reason the Anabaptist held doctrine is such high accord was because they felt they should be able to make the choice as to what they can believe and not beShow MoreRelatedFactors that Cause The Great Schism Essay examples1175 Words   |  5 Pagesdivision in Christianity took place in 1054 CE between the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. This event is known as the Great Schism. The two areas of disagreement that caused the division were: * Who should be leader of the Christian Church? * The way in which the Trinity was to be understood. Christians in the West believed that the Pope should be the leader of the Christian Church. This was because he was the successor to St Peter. The Christians inRead MoreThe Importance of the Renaissance to the Reformation in Germany1263 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of the Renaissance to the Reformation in Germany The reformation was a movement that fundamentally challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. The role of the clergy was undermined and the relationships between national countries and the Roman Catholic Church were threatened. The renaissance began in Italy during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries through patronage and the flourishing society, and Rome achieved cultural prominence. It laterRead MoreReasons Why The Roman Catholics And The Eastern Orthodox Split1327 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many logical reasons why the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox split. Those in Constantinople and those in Rome believed to head the Church as the state. The Eastern areas of the Church used Greek in the church while the West used Latin, automatically this lead divergence in thought. The difference fueled confusion. The Eastern Church did not accept the claims of supremacy made by the pope. The remaining Churches were, despite several temporary periods of schism united until 1054Read MoreThe Role Of Monastic And The Problem Of Christian Conversions For Pagan Societies1286 Words   |  6 PagesThis historical study will examine the problems of monastic issues in preservation of roman civilization and the problem of Christian conversions for pagan societies in Europe during the early Medieval period of Europe. The purpose of Euro pean monasteries was to act in accordance with the Church of Rome’s policy to preserve Roman traditions in government and Christian practices in primarily pagan tribal communities. During this time, the primary writings of St. Benedict define the purpose of theRead MoreThe Great Leader Was Martin Luther1251 Words   |  6 PagesShields). This well-known quote emphasizes the importance of working together. However, â€Å"strength in numbers† would never be achieved without a great leader. Great leaders are the basis for success in all aspects of society because without someone to lead, plans cannot be executed and ideas remain mere thoughts in people’s minds. One such great leader was Martin Luther, a German theologian, who is credited with beginning the Protestant reformation. Part of the reason why his name is so readily associatedRead MoreThe Rise Of The Church1332 Words   |  6 Pagesthe rise of the Church in Rome it is imperative to recall that the center of the Christianity had been destroyed in AD 70, when the army of Titus destroyed Jerusalem. Looking for leadership, the Christians would have immediately sought out those in Rome as it was the center of power and capitol of the Empire. In the first and second centuries, all roads did indeed lead to Rome. The second reason that Christians looked to Rome for leadership is because they believed that the church would come fromRead MoreRoman Catholic And Eastern Orthodox Church1030 Words   |  5 PagesRoman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Catholics once included a solitary Christian church with two focuses of force, Rome and Constantinople. Known as the Great Schism, was the official split between Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Church. The Church split along doctrinal, religious, phonetic, political, and geographic lines, and the central break as never been mended. Though the Church split because of their differences, they still had some things that were similar. The Roman Catholic andRead MoreThe Spread Of Christianity And Western Europe1637 Words   |  7 Pagesthe life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, and those who follow him are called Christians.† â€Å"Christianity has many different branches that accompany a variety of beliefs and practices.† The three major branches of Christianity are Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism, all of which have several smaller categories within each of these branches. Both of these religions share several views and ideas, but they also have their differences. First off, the beginning ofRead MoreThe Reformation And The Reformation1421 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Catholic Church many people were dissatisfied about their faith during the Renaissance. This led to a period called the Reformation, which began in 1517. The Reformation was led by radical critics Martin Luther and John Calvin, who questioned the teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, due to their selling of indulgences and stray from the Bible. The Reformation started in central Europe and spread to encompass most of the continent, during which time people left the Roman CatholicRead MoreChhi 301 Papacy Paper1697 Words   |  7 PagesRAMIFICATIONS OF THE PAPACY’S POWER IN ROME Church History 301 April 20, 2014    Ramifications of the Papacy’s Power in Rome The papacy – the office held by the pope as head of the Catholic Church - gained great power from the sixth through eighth centuries, and there are several reasons for this surge in influence. Starting around 590, Pope Gregory I sought to convert Teutonic invaders to Christianity. Islam was also in play, as it had taken over most of Asia and Africa. According to

How the American Revolution Changed American Society Essay

From 1763 to 1789 the American Colonies underwent a radical transformation into an independent self governing nation. British debt accumulated from the French and Indian War brought colonists into conflict with the mother country over a variety of social, political and economic issues. However, the outcome of the American Revolution was not a radical departure from America had been prior to 1763 but later, with the introduction of the constitution, developed unto a revolutionary society. At the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1789, the colonies were free from British rule and a new nation was born. The Articles of Confederation created a new American Republic which was only replaced with a more democratic government under the†¦show more content†¦Most colonials did not want to separate from the crown, but as time progressed, these atrocities made them question their authority. Revolutionaries like Thomas Payne argued that colonies should break free from England. Pay ne argued that it was unnatural for an island to control an entire continent and compared to the Earth orbiting the Moon. Revolutionaries like this helped push the colonies to fight back and gain their independence. The newly freed colonies drafted the Articles of Confederation based on the political philosophy of republicanism. This was the idea that a government should be controlled by the people and not a monarchy or aristocracy with inherited powers. A large government would lead to tyranny but a weak one would lead to anarchy. The only way republicanism would work is if the people were willing to put the public interest above their own self interest. Even though history had shown a true republic to fail and was only successful on a small scale, Americans viewed themselves as special. Their government wouldnt crumble like the Romains because the American people were virtuous enough to defeat the British, they would be virtuous enough to support the republic. (Could add 3,d,iii a nd 3,d,iv) Looking at the government that was in place before the 1763 and the government setup by the Articles onShow MoreRelatedHow the American Revolution Changed American Society Essay559 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Revolution changed the political and social aspects of the United States. After the war ended many things changed in the states. From the political stand point women still had power but gained a few rights after the war and since the states where now free from British rule they could now create their own form of central government and elected a leader. On the social and economical side the belief of egalitarianism was widely being accepted, and mercantilism ended so the colonies wereRead More The Radical Changes Resulting from the American Revolution Essay1156 Words   |  5 Pageslearning about the American Revolution. Although it contains the word â€Å"revolution† in its name, there are many who don’t consider the American Revolution a real r evolution. After considering the definition of a revolution – a radical change of an entire system, usually by war, resulting in a change of the way of life of the people involved – and the American society before and after the American Revolution, it is obvious that those who don’t consider the American Revolution a revolution are mistaken.Read MoreThe Changes that Came About after the American Revolution739 Words   |  3 Pages After the American Revolution, Americans, who were free of British control, started to reevaluate politics, the economy and society. The American Revolution changed American considerably politically because Americans rely on democracy rather than monarchy, socially because the roles of certain social groups experienced a nuance change, and economically because the Americans freed themselves from having to send their raw materials to England and created their own currency. With these changes alsoRead MoreTo What Extent Did the American Revolution Fundamentally Change American Society?851 Words   |  4 Pageswhat extent did the American Revolution fundamentally change American society? In your answer, be sure to address the political, social and economic effects of the Revolution in the period from 1775 to 1800. After the American Revolution, Americans, who were free of British control, started to reevaluate politics, the economy and society. After breaking away from what they thought was a corrupt and evil government, Americans changed how they wanted to govern their society, even though they ultimatelyRead MoreWas The American Revolution Revolutionary?1549 Words   |  7 Pagesextent was the American Revolution revolutionary, one must define qualifications to accredit such a revolution. Is a revolution defined as a complete and utmost overthrow of an established government by a new regime? Or is a revolution defined as a subversive change in societal values/roles that changes the structures of a pre-existing social order? Or possibly both? In light of both definitions, one can evaluate that the American Revolution was indeed revolutionary because American colonists wereRead MoreLinda Kerber s Women Of The Republic1269 Words   |  6 PagesInformation): Date:â€Æ' The ideals by the Republicans which came into the limelight after the Revolutionary War would set into motion a revolution not just in the United States but in many countries across the world. Linda Kerber’s ‘Women of the Republic’ is a demonstration of the paradigm shift in relation to the US social and political structures after the American Revolution. Kerber observes that not only did the war provide more opportunities to women but also set a platform for women to chart the wayRead MoreEssay about Mary Pauls Letters951 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Assignment: Market Revolution During the nineteenth century, America went through a number of social, economic and political changes. Revolutions in manufacturing and commerce led to substantial economic growth. Several cultural movements reformed American society. Mary Paul, once just a normal girl from Vermont, led a life that was shaped by the changes of the 1800s. The information gathered from Mary Pauls letters to her father make it clear that Marys life experiences turned her intoRead MoreIndustrial Revolution After The Civil War956 Words   |  4 Pages The Inusterial Revolution after the Civil War Between 18-19th centuries after the Civil War, a chain of events occurred that brought about several changes in the way that people lived and worked in the United States.This period ranges from the time when cities started growing rapidly because human hand labor was drastically changed to machine labor. These events started the American Industrial Revolution, which later affected African American socially, economically and politically. However, manyRead MoreAp Us History Dbq Essay786 Words   |  4 Pagesthe American Revolution, Americans, who had just broken free from the British, completely changed their politics, economy and society. The Founders decided to change how they wanted to run their society, even though, in the end, they went back to a more powerful federal government like Britain. Most people’s daily lives didn’t change much but the principles from the revolution made some try to look for better financial opportunities. Women, slaves, and loyalists we re changed a lot in society. WomenRead MoreRevolutions are usually described as â€Å"radical† events. A â€Å"radical† event is defined as one that700 Words   |  3 PagesRevolutions are usually described as â€Å"radical† events. A â€Å"radical† event is defined as one that greatly changes the political, cultural, social, and/or economic nature of a society. I believe that the American Revolution was a radical event that dramatically changed our society. There were many impacts to the changes such as slavery, primogeniture, the Articles of Confederation, republican motherhood, and government. This was the time in life, that we as America gained our independence from Britain

The Laws of Cyberspace †Lawrence Lessig Free Essays

The Laws of Cyberspace Lawrence Lessig †  Draft 3  ©Lessig 1998: This essay was presented at the Taiwan Net ’98 conference, in Taipei, March, 1998. †  Jack N. and Lillian R. We will write a custom essay sample on The Laws of Cyberspace – Lawrence Lessig or any similar topic only for you Order Now Berkman Professor for Entrepreneurial Legal Stud- ies, Harvard Law School. Thanks to Tim Wu for extremely helpful comments on an earlier draft. Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 Before the revolution, the Tsar in Russia had a system of internal passports. The people hated this system. These passports marked the estate from which you came, and this marking determined the places you could go, with whom you could associate, what you could be. The passports were badges that granted access, or barred access. They controlled what in the Russian state Russians could come to know. The Bolsheviks promised to change all this. They promised to abolish the internal passports. And soon upon their rise to power, they did just that. Russians were again free to travel where they wished. Where they could go was not determined by some document that they were required to carry with them. The abolition of the internal passport symbolized freedom for the Russian people — a democratization of citizenship in Russia. This freedom, however, was not to last. A decade and a half later, faced with the prospect of starving peasants flooding the cities looking for food, Stalin brought back the system of internal passports. Peasants were again tied to their rural land (a restriction that remained throughout the 1970s). Russians were once again restricted by what their passport permitted. Once again, to gain access to Russia, Russians had to show something about who they were. *** Behavior in the real world — this world, the world in which I am now speaking — is regulated by four sorts of constraints. Law is just one of those four constraints. Law regulates by sanctions imposed ex post — fail to pay your taxes, and you are likely to go to jail; steal my car, and you are also likely to go to jail. Law is the prominent of regulators. But it is just one of four. Social norms are a second. They also regulate. Social norms — understandings or expectations about how I ought to behave, enforced not through some centralized norm enforcer, but rather through the understandings and expectations of just about everyone within a particular community — direct and constrain my behavior in a far wider array of contexts than any law. Norms say what clothes I will wear — a suit, not a dress; they tell you to sit quietly, and politely, for at least 40 minutes while I speak; they or- 2 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 ganize how we will interact after this talk is over. Norms guide behavior; in this sense, they function as a second regulatory constraint. The market is a third constraint. It regulates by price. The market limits the amount that I can spend on clothes; or the amount I can make from public speeches; it says I can command less for my writing than Madonna, or less from my singing than Pavarotti. Through the device of price, the market sets my opportunities, and through this range of opportunities, it regulates. And finally, there is the constraint of what some might call nature, but which I want to call â€Å"architecture. † This is the constraint of the world as I find it, even if this world as I find it is a world that others have made. That I cannot see through that wall is a constraint on my ability to know what is happening on the other side of the room. That there is no access-ramp to a library constrains the access of one bound to a wheelchair. These constraints, in the sense I mean here, regulate. To understand a regulation then we must understand the sum of these four constraints operating together. Any one alone cannot represent the effect of the four together. *** This is the age of the cyber-libertarian. It is a time when a certain hype about cyberspace has caught on. The hype goes like this: Cyberspace is unavoidable, and yet cyberspace is unregulable. No nation can live without it, yet no nation will be able to control behavior in it. Cyberspace is that place where individuals are, inherently, free from the control of real space sovereigns. It is, in the words of James Boyle, the great techno-â€Å"gotcha† — nations of the world, you can’t live with out it, but nations of the world, when you’ve got it, you won’t live long with it. My aim today is a different view about cyberspace. My aim is to attack this hype. For in my view, the world we are entering is not a world of perpetual freedom; or more precisely, the world we are entering is not a world where freedom is assured. Cyberspace has the potential to be the most fully, and extensively, regulated space that we have ever known — anywhere, at any time in our history. It has the potential to be the antithesis of a space of freedom. And unless we understand this potential, unless we see how this might be, we are likely to sleep through this transition from freedom into 3 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 control. For that, in my view, is the transition we are seeing just now. Now I want to make this argument by using the two introductions that I began with today — the story about Bolshevik Russia, and the idea about regulation. For they together will suggest where cyberspace is going, and more importantly, just how we can expect cyberspace to get there. First the idea: Just as in real space, behavior in cyberspace is regulated by four sorts of constraints. Law is just one of those constraints. For the hype notwithstanding, there is law just now in cyberspace — copyright law, or defamation law, or sexual harassment law, all of which constrain behavior in cyberspace in the same way that they constrain behavior in real space. There are also, perhaps quite surprisingly, norms in cyberspace — rules that govern behavior, and expose individuals to sanction from others. They too function in cyberspace as norms function in real space, threatening punishments ex post by a community. And so too with the market. The market constrains in cyberspace, just as in real space. Change the price of access, the constraints on access differ. Change the structure of pricing access, and the regulation of marginal access shifts dramatically as well. But for our purposes, the most significant of these four constraints on behavior in cyberspace is the analog to what I called architecture in real space: This I will call code. By code, I simply mean the software and hardware that constitutes cyberspace as it is—the set of protocols, the set of rules, implemented, or codified, in the software of cyberspace itself, that determine how people interact, or exist, in this space. This code, like architecture in real space, sets the terms upon which I enter, or exist in cyberspace. It, like architecture, is not optional. I don’t choose whether to obey the structures that it establishes — hackers might choose, but hackers are special. For the rest of us, life in cyberspace is subject to the code, just as life in real space is subject to the architectures of real space. The substance of the constraints of code in cyberspace vary. But how they are experienced does not vary. In some places, one must enter a password before one gains access; in other places, one can enter whether identified or not. In some places, the transactions that one engages produce traces that link the transactions 4 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 back to the individual; in other places, this link is achieved only if the individual chooses. In some places, one can select to speak a language that only the recipient can hear (through encryption); in other places, encryption is not an option. The differences are constituted by the code of these different places. The code or software or architecture or protocols of these spaces set these features; they are features selected by code writers; they constrain some behavior by making other behavior possible. And in this sense, they, like architecture in real space, regulate behavior in cyberspace. Code and market and norms and law together regulate in cyberspace then as architecture and market and norms and law regulate in real space. And my claim is that as with real space regulation, we should consider how these four constraints operate together. An example — a contrast between a regulation in real space, and the same regulation in cyberspace — will make the point more clearly. Think about the concern in my country (some might call it obsession) with the regulation of indecency on the net. This concern took off in the United State early in 1995. Its source was an extraordinary rise in ordinary users of the net, and therefore a rise in use by kids, and an even more extraordinary rise in the availability of what many call â€Å"porn† on the net. An extremely controversial (and fundamentally flawed) study published in the Georgetown University Law Review reported the net awash in porn. Time and Newsweek both ran cover stories articles about its availability. And senators and congressmen were bombarded with demands to do something to regulate â€Å"cybersmut. † No doubt the fury at the time was great. But one might ask, why this fury was so great about porn in cyberspace. Certainly, more porn exists in real space than in cyberspace. So why the fury about access to porn in a place to which most kids don’t have access? To understand the why, think for a second about the same problem as it exists in real space. What regulates the distribution of porn in real space? First: In America, laws in real space regulate the distribution of porn to kids— laws requiring sellers of porn to check the age of 5 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 buyers, or laws requiring that sellers locate in a section of the city likely to be far from kids. But laws are not the most significant of the constraints on the distribution of porn to kids. More important than laws are norms. Norms constrain adults not to sell porn to kids. Even among porn distributors this restriction is relatively effective. And not just social norms. The market too, for porn costs money, and as kids have no money. But the most important real space constraint is what I’ve called architecture. For all of these other regulations in real space depend on this constraint of architecture. Laws and norms and market can discriminate against kinds in real space, since it is hard in real space to hide that you are a kid. Of course, a kid can don a mustache, and put on stilts, and try to enter a porn shop to buy porn. But for the most part, disguises will fail. For the most part, it will be too hard to hide that he is a kid. Thus, for the most part, constraints based on being a kid are constraints that can be effective. Cyberspace is different. For even if we assume that the same laws apply to cyberspace as to real space, and even if we assume that the constraints of norms and the market carried over as well, even so, there remains a critical difference between the two spaces. For while in real space it is hard to hide that you are a kid, in cyberspace, hiding who you are, or more precisely, hiding features about who you are is the simplest thing in the world. The default in cyberspace is anonymity. And because it is so easy to hide who one is, it is practically impossible for the laws, and norms, to apply in cyberspace. For for these laws to apply, one has to know that it is a kid one is dealing with. But the architecture of the space simply doesn’t provide this information. Now the important point is to see the difference, and to identify its source. The difference is a difference in what I want to call the regulability of cyberspace — the ability of governments to regulate behavior there. As it is just now, cyberspace is a less regulable space than real space. There is less that government can do. The source of this difference in regulability is a difference in the architecture of the space — a difference in the code that constitutes cyberspace as it is. Its architecture, my claim is, renders it essentially unregulable. 6 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 Or so it did in 1995, and in 1996, when the U. S. Congress eventually got around to passing its attempt to deal with this problem—the Communications Decency Act. I’m going to talk a bit about what happened to that statute, but I first want to mark this period, and set it off from where we are today. It was the architecture of cyberspace in 1995, and 1996 that made it essentially unregulable. Let’s call that architecture Net 95 — as in 1995 — and here are its features: So long as one had access to Net95, one could roam without identifying who one was. Net95 was Bolshevik Russia. One’s identity, or features, were invisible to the net then, so one could enter, and explore, without credentials—without an internal passport. Access was open and universal, not conditioned upon credentials. It was, in a narrow sense of the term, an extraordinary democratic moment. Users were fundamentally equal. Essentially free. It was against this background — against the background of the net as it was — Net95 — that the Supreme Court then considered the Communications Decency Act. Two lower courts had struck the statute as a violation of the right to freedom of speech. And as millions watched as the court considered arguments on the case — watched in cyberspace, as the arguments were reported, and debated, and critiqued. And in June, last year, the Court affirmed the decision of the lower courts, holding the statute unconstitutional. Just why it was unconstitutional isn’t so important for our purposes here. What is important is the rhetoric that lead the court to its conclusion. For the decision hung crucially on claims about the architecture of the net as it was — on the architecture, that is, of Net95. Given that architecture, the court concluded, any regulation that attempted to zone kids from porn would be a regulation that was too burdensome on speakers and listeners. As the net was, regulation would be too burdensome. But what was significant was that the court spoke as if this architecture of the net as it was — Net 95 — was the only architecture that the net could have. It spoke as if it had discovered the nature of the net, and was therefore deciding the nature of any possible regulation of the net. 7 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 But the problem with all this, of course, is that the net has no nature. There is no single architecture that is essential to the net’s design. Net95 is a set of features, or protocols, that constituted the net at one period of time. But nothing requires that these features, or protocols, always constitute the net as it always will be. And indeed, nothing in what we’ve seen in the last 2 years should lead us to think that it will. An example may make the point more simply. Before I was a professor at Harvard, I taught at the University of Chicago. If one wanted to gain access to the net at the university of Chicago, one simply connected one’s machine to jacks located throughout the university. Any machine could be connected to those jacks, and once connected, any machine would then have full access to the internet. Access was anonymous, and complete, and free. The reason for this freedom was a decision by the administration. For the Provost of the University of Chicago is Geof Stone, a former dean of the University of Chicago Law School, and a prominent free speech scholar. When the University was designing its net, the technicians asked the provost whether anonymous communication should be permitted. The provost, citing a principle that the rules regulating speech at the university would be as protective of free speech as the first amendment, said yes: One would have the right to communicate at the university anonymously, because the first amendment to the constitution would guarantee the same right vis-a-vis the government. From that policy decision flowed the architectural design of the University of Chicago’s net. At Harvard, the rules are different. One cannot connect one’s machine to the net at Harvard unless one’s machine is registered — licensed, approved, verified. Only members of the university community can register their machine. Once registered, all interactions with the network are potentially monitored, and identified to a particular machine. Indeed, anonymous speech on this net is not permitted — against the rule. Access can be controlled based on who someone is; and interaction can be traced, based on what someone did. The reason for this design is also due to the decision of an administrator — though this time an administrator less focused on the protections of the first amendment. Controlling access is the ideal at Harvard; facilitating access was the ideal at Chicago; tech- 8 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 nologies that make control possible were therefore chosen at Harvard; technologies that facilitate access chosen at Chicago. Now this difference between the two networks is quite common today. The network at the University of Chicago is the architecture of the internet in 1995. It is, again, Net95. But the architecture at Harvard is not an internet architecture. It is rather an intranet architecture. The difference is simply this — that within an intranet, identity is sufficiently established such that access can be controlled, and usage monitored. The underlying protocols are still TCP/IP — meaning the fundamental or underlying protocols of the internet. But layered on top of this fundamental protocol is a set of protocols facilitating control. The Harvard network is the internet plus, where the plus mean the power to control. These two architectures reflect two philosophies about access. They reflect two sets of principles, or values, about how speech should be controlled. They parallel, I want to argue, the difference between political regimes of freedom, and political regimes of control. They track the difference in ideology between West and East Germany; between the United States and the former Soviet Republic; between the Republic of China, and Mainland China. They stand for a difference between control and freedom — and they manifest this difference through the architecture or design of code. These architectures enable political values. They are in this sense political. Now I don’t offer this example to criticize Harvard. Harvard is a private institution; it is free, in a free society, to allocate its resources however it wishes. My point instead is simply to get you to see how architectures are many, and therefore how the choice of one is political. And how, at the level of a nation, architecture is inherently political. In the world of cyberspace, the selection of an architecture is as important as the choice of a constitution. For in a fundamental sense, the code of cyberspace is its constitution. It sets the terms upon which people get access; it sets the rules; it controls their behavior. In this sense, it is its own sovereignty. An alternative sovereignty, competing with real space sovereigns, in the regulation of behavior by real space citizens. But the United States Supreme Court treated the question of architecture as if the architecture of this space were given. It spoke as if there were only one design for cyberspace — the design it had. 9 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 In this, the Supreme Court is not alone. For in my view, the single greatest error of theorists of cyberspace — of pundits, and especially lawyers thinking about regulation in this space — is this error of the Supreme Court. It is the error of naturalism as applied to cyberspace. It is the error of thinking that the architecture as we have it is an architecture that we will always have; that the space will guarantee us liberty, or freedom; that it will of necessity disable governments that want control. This view is profoundly mistaken. Profoundly mistaken because while we celebrate the â€Å"inherent† freedom of the net, the architecture of the net is changing from under us. The architecture is shifting from an architecture of freedom to an architecture of control. It is shifting already without government’s intervention, though government is quickly coming to see just how it might intervene to speed it. And where government is now intervening, it is intervening in a way designed to change this very same architecture — to change it into an architecture of control, to make it, as I’ve said, more regulable. While pundits promise perpetual freedom built into the very architecture of the net itself, technicians and politicians are working together to change that architecture, to move it away from this architecture of freedom. As theorists of this space, we must come to understand this change. We must recognize the political consequences of this change. And we must take responsibility for these consequences. For the trajectory of the change is unmistakable, and the fruit of this trajectory, poison. As constitutionalists, we must then confront a fundamentally constitutional uestion: if there is a choice between architectures of control and architectures of freedom, then how do we decide these constitutional questions? If architectures are many, then does the constitution itself guide us in the selection of such architectures? In my view, constitutional values do implicate the architecture of this space. In my view, constitutional values should guide us in our design of this space. And in my view, constitutional values should limit the types of regulability that this architecture permits. But my view is absent in thinking about government’s role in cyberspace. Indeed, my nation — for many years the symbol of freedom in world where such freedom was rare — has become a leader in pushing the architecture of the internet from an archi- 10 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 tecture of freedom to an architecture of control. From an architecture, that is, that embraced the traditions of freedom expressed in our constitutional past, to an architecture that is fundamentally anathema to those traditions. But how? How can the government make these changes? How could the government effect this control? Many can’t see how government could effect this control. So in the few minutes remaining in my talk today, I want show you how. I want to sketch for you a path from where we are to where I fear we are going. I want you to see how these changes are possible and how government can help make them permanent. Return then with me to the idea that began this essay — the point about the different modalities of constraint — and notice something important about that idea that we have not so far remarked. I said at the start that we should think of law as just one of four modalities of constraint; that we should think of it as just one part of the structure of constraint that might be said to regulate. One might take that to be an argument about law’s insignificance. If so many forces other than law regulate, this might suggest that law itself can do relatively little. But notice what should be obvious. In the model I have described law is regulating by direct regulation — regulating an individual through the threat of punishment. But law regulates in other ways as well. It regulates, that is, indirectly as well as directly. And it regulates indirectly when it regulates these other modalities of constraint, so that they regulate differently. It can, that is, regulate norms, so norms regulate differently; it can regulate the market, so that the market regulates differently; and it can regulate architecture, so that architecture regulates differently. In each case, the government can coopt the other structures, so that they constrain to the government’s end. The same indirection is possible in cyberspace. But here, I suggest, the indirection will be even more significant. For here the government can not only regulate indirectly to advance a particular substantive end of the government. More significantly, the government can regulate to change the very regulability of the space. The government, that is, can regulate the architectures of cyberspace, so that behavior in cyberspace becomes more regulable — 11 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 indeed, to an architecture potentially more regulable than anything we have known in the history of modern government. Two examples will make the point — one an example of the government regulating to a particular substantive end, and the second, following from the first, an example of the government regulating to increase regulability. The first is the regulation of encryption. The government’s concern with encryption has been with the technology’s use in protecting privacy — its ability to hide the content of communications from the eyes of an eavesdropping third party, whether that third party is the government, or a nosy neighbor. For much of the history of the technology, the American government has heavily regulated the technology; for a time it threatened to ban its use; it has consistently banned its export (as if only Americans understand higher order mathematics); and for a period it hoped to flood the market with a standard encryption technology that would leave a backdoor open for the government to enter. The most recent proposals are the most significant. Last November, the FBI proposed a law that would require manufacturers to assure that any encryption system have built within it either a key recovery ability, or an equivalent back door, so that government agents could, if they need, get access to the content of such communications. This is government’s regulation of code, indirectly to regulate behavior. It is indirect regulation in the sense that I described before, and from a constitutional perspective — it is brilliant. Not brilliant because its ends are good; brilliant because the American constitution, at least, offers very little control over government regulation like this. The American constitution offers little protections against the government’s regulation of business; and given the interests of business, such regulations are likely to be effective. My second example follows from the first. For a second use of encryption is identification — as well as hiding what someone says, encryption, through digital certificates, can be used to authenticate who some it. With the ability to authenticate who someone is, the government could tell where someone comes from, or how old they are. And with this ability — through certifying IDs — passports on the information superhighway — governments could far more easily regulate behavior on this highway. 12 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 It would recreate the power to control behavior — recreate the power to regulate. Note what both regulations would achieve. Since the US is the largest market for internet products, no product could hope to succeed unless it were successful in the United States. Thus standards successfully imposed in the US becomes standards for the world. And these standards in particular would first facilitate regulation, and second, assure that communications on the internet could be broken into by any government that followed the procedures outlined in the bill. But the standards that those government would have to meet are not the standards of the US constitution. They are whatever standard local government happen to have — whether that government be the government of Mainland China, or Switzerland. The effect is that the United States government would be exporting an architecture that facilitates control, and control not just by other democratic governments, but by any government, however repressive. And by this, the US would move itself from a symbol of freedom, to a peddler of control. Having won the cold war, we would be pushing the techniques of our cold war enemies. *** How should we respond? How should you — as sovereigns independent of the influence of any foreign government — and we, as liberal constitutionalists respond? How should we respond to moves by a dominant political and economic power to influence the architecture of the dominant architecture of regulation by code — the internet? Sovereigns must come to see this: That the code of cyberspace is itself a kind of sovereign. It is a competing sovereign. The code is itself a force that imposes its own rules on people who are there, but the people who are there are also the people who are here — citizens of the Republic of China, citizens of France, citizens of every nation in the world. The code regulates them, yet they are by right subject to the regulation of local sovereigns. The code thus competes with the regulatory power of local sovereigns. It competes with the political choices made by local sovereigns. And in this competition, as the net becomes a dominant place for business and social life, it will displace the regulations of local sovereigns. You as sovereigns were afraid of the competing influence of na- 13 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 tions. Yet a new nation is now wired into your telephones, and its influence over your citizens is growing. You, as sovereigns, will come to recognize this competition. And you should come to recognize and question the special ole that the United States is playing in this competition. By virtue of the distribution of resources controlling the architecture of the net, the United States has a unique power over influencing the development of that architecture. It is as the law of nature were being written, with the United States at the authors side. This power creates an important responsibility for the United States — and you must assure that it exercises its power responsibly. The problem for constitutionalists — those concerned to preserve social and political liberties in this new space — is more difficult. For return to the story that began this talk — the world of internal passports. One way to understand the story I’ve told today about cyberspace is in line with this story about the Tsar’s Russia. The birth of the net was the revolution itself; life under Net95 was life in Bolshevik Russia (the good parts at least, where internal passports were eliminated); the Net as it is becoming is Stalin’s Russia, where internal passports will again be required. Now there’s a cheat to that story — a rhetorical cheat that tends to obscure an important fact about real space life. For we all live in the world of internal passports. In the United States, in many places, one cannot live without a car; one can’t drive a car without a license; a license is an internal passport: It says who you are, where you come from, how old you are, whether you’ve recently been convicted of a crime; it links your identity to a database that will reveal whether you’ve been arrested (whether convicted or not) or whether any warrants for your arrest in any jurisdiction in the nation are outstanding. The license is the internal passport of the modern American state. And no doubt its ability to control or identify is far better than the Tsar’s Russia. But in the United States — at least for those who don’t appear to be immigrants, or a disfavored minority — the burden of these passports is slight. The will to regulate, to monitor, to track, is not strong enough in the United States to support any systematic effort to use these passports to control behavior. And the will is not strong enough because the cost of such control is so great. There are not checkpoints at each corner; one isn’t required to register 14 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 when moving through a city; one can walk relatively anonymously around most of the time. Technologies of control are possible, but in the main far too costly. And this costliness is, in large part, the source of great freedom. It is inefficiency in real space technologies of control that yield real space liberty. But what if the cost of control drops dramatically. What if an architecture emerges that permits constant monitoring; an architecture that facilitates the constant tracking of behavior and movement. What if an architecture emerged that would costlessly collect data about individuals, about their behavior, about who they wanted to become. And what if the architecture could do that invisibly, without interfering with an individuals daily life at all? This architecture is the world that the net is becoming. This is the picture of control it is growing into. As in real space, we will have passports in cyberspace. As in real space, these passports can be used to track our behavior. But in cyberspace, unlike realspace, this monitoring, this tracking, this control of behavior, will all be much less expensive. This control will occur in the background, effectively and invisibly. Now to describe this change is not to say whether it is for the good or bad. Indeed, I suggest that as constitutionalists, we must acknowledge a fundamental ambiguity in our present political judgments about liberty and control. I our peoples are divided in their reaction to this picture of a system of control at once perfect, and yet invisible. Many would say of this system — wonderful. All the better to trap the guilty, with little burden on the innocent. But there are many as well who would say of this system — awful. That while professing our ideals of liberty and freedom from government, we would have established a system of control far more effective than any in history before. So the response to all this is not necessarily to give up the technologies of control. The response is not to insist that Net95 be the perpetual architecture of the net. The response instead is to find a way to translate what is salient and important about present day liberties and constitutional democracy into this architecture of the net. The point is to be critical of the power of this sovereign—this emerging sovereign—as we are properly critical of the power of any sovereign. What are these limits: As government takes control or influences the architecture of the code of the net, at a minimum, we 15 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 must assure that government does not get a monopoly on these technologies of control. We must assure that the sorts of checks that we build into any constitutional democracy get built into regulation by this constitution — the code. We must assure that the constraints of any constitutional democracy — the limits on efficiency constituted by Bills of Rights, and systems of checks and balances — get built into regulation by code. These limits are the â€Å"bugs† in the code of a constitutional democracy — and as John Perry Barlow says, we must build these bugs into the code of cyberspace. We must build them in so that they, by their inefficiency, might recreate some of the protections we have long known. *** Cyberspace is regulated ? by laws, but not just by law. The code of cyberspace is one of these laws. We must come to see how this code is an emerging sovereign — omnipresent, omnipotent, gentle, efficient, growing — and that we must develop against this sovereign the limits that we have developed against real space sovereigns. Sovereigns will always say — real space as well as cyberspace — that limits, and inefficiencies — bugs — are not necessary. But things move too quickly for such confidence. My fear is not just that against this sovereign, we have not yet developed a language of liberty. Nor that we haven’t the time to develop such language. But my fear is that we sustain the will — the will of free societies for the past two centuries, to architect constitutions to protect freedom, efficiencies notwithstanding. 16 How to cite The Laws of Cyberspace – Lawrence Lessig, Essay examples

Investigating Business Essay Example

Investigating Business Essay My name is Andrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Gibbs, I am currently 18 years old and I live in South Norwood borough of Croydon. The name of my business will be Funky Catererz this name come from the love I have for funky music and different foods. My business will be a service based on catering for all types of occasions such as wedding, christenings, funeral and others. We will also cater in Caribbean food predominately Jamaican cuisine but also cater in all varieties of Caribbean. I will be running this business from home until expansion is need of my business. I feel that this would be the best business for me to start because I do not have to spend a lot to start up my business. I have a Business Communication GCSE qualification and A level qualification in business, ICT and English. For my business I have access to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20,000 as a limited amount to start off my business this is an advantage for my business because there are very low priced stores that sell cheaper goods.For a successful business it must have four very important sources which are known the four ps of business:* Place* Product* Price* PromotionProductI feel that my service would go far and make a profit because it comes with a range of fashion techniques not just customising also not many people have heard of services like mine in my location, this is what makes my service unique.My promotion is the way I will pass on information as a seller to change the attitudes and behaviour of my buyers. To make this work I must have a sales promotion to get the attention of potential buyers. This means I would have to advertise my business. I would have to advertise in cheap ways (television adverts are too expensive for me to afford) e.g. posters, leaflets, facebook, you tube and even one off stall in the market so people can sign up. Not only advertising is promotion but also using myself to show the quality of my service.PlaceMy business will be based in my house for a year customers will have to come to ord er but they can have their product mailed to them if they wish. My business will be at my house only for a year.Reasons why business will be placed in this locationBecause the rent is too expensive in South Norwood an average rent is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½700-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½900 a month.Me using my house will help me save enough to afford rent for the next year and other years 2. My location is in-between Lewisham council and Croydon council this shows that can get a large amount of customers. Nomis website shows thatAims1. Have a successful business so I can survive. If my business is not successful I would lose cash or have none at all. This can make me lose everything. My plan to survive is to continue advertising my product and showing samples so more people would know about my service. Another idea is to have a public fashion show so the public would see what my service provides.2. Break even my income has to at least be exactly the same as my expenses. This means I may not be making money but I also wont be losing money.3. Make sufficient profit so I can live properly- I have to have a target profit so I will be motivated. Im aiming to make a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1000 profit for myself a month.4. Ability to employ other people. I have to have this ability because the more people that come to my service the more workers I would need. If there are not enough workers clothing wouldnt be made in time then I customers are less likely to come.5. Expand in the future. I would love my business to expand into other locations so it can become a national service in the future and many people would know my brand.Objectives1. Expand business to 7 different locations by 3 years time, through family members and friends going into partnership. I would expand my business by saving money form my parents location, then when I move to my own in the Lewisham council (because its cheaper than Croydon) I would save enough money to buy a store in Croydon. Then Ill save money from both businesses to buy another store. I would continue this process until I have 7 or more locations in London.2. Increase number of customers by over 700 in 2 years. This will happen through using my promotion which is advertising and word of mouth. Hopefully I make it and get 700 in 2 years if so I would double the amount to over 1,400 in 4 years.3. To satisfy customers needs. To do this I would provide customer services so all customers can get their needs and wants. I believe customer services is really important with my business because its dealing with clothes and problems such as an outfit not fitting is a problem that customer services can deal with.4. To enjoy business. Not only that I have to be successful but I have to enjoy my business because if I dont how would my employees and customers enjoy it, its my motivation that would keep them all motivated. I would also like to get some financial security so I would have enough money for food, clothing etc especially so I wont be homeless.5. He lp family with business money and future employment. My business will help my family in many ways e.g. I can give them jobs when they are jobless, if they can make clothes and have qualifications, if they cant I could still help them e.g. to do delivery, advertising or working in customer service. It would also save my family from being bank erupted in the future.6. Be a good employer to employees. I want my employees to feel welcome and comfortable so we can also build trust and help each other when we are unable to do something.Entrepreneurial skillsEntrepreneur is someone who owns a successful business, to have a successful business you will need good skills, loyalty, being a good sails person, hard working person, energetic, prepared for risk taking and interpersonal skills. You will also need to focus on the important things for your target markets such as their age, income, race, sex and interest. TAIRITarget market its important to identify your target market because you can save a lot of money by knowing the type of market that would buy your product or use your service. It also lets you know what type of media would be suitable to use e.g. if selling a product to teenagers you are less likely to advertise it on the radio.Age age is very important when it comes to product and services to be a good entrepreneur you must notice age this helps with areas product or service could be e.g. if there are not enough children living in a certain location it would not be smart to toys in the area because it wouldnt be possible to make a high profit.Income knowing the income of target market helps with location, expensive products and services should be based in areas that people are getting well paid and have enough money to afford product or service, cheaper products and services should be in areas where working class people wouldnt expect to see so many expensive products.Race it is a stereotype to believe that same races are alike e.g. behaviour, Likes and dislikes etc but entrepreneurs must follow this to stay on the safe side e.g. if someone wants to sell hip hop and R;B music they are likely to sell it in areas where black people will be more such as Lewisham because they have researched that those areas are more successful when it comes to selling that type of music and more people have common taste.Interest knowing the interest of your target is very important e.g. you cant say you want to sell classic music to teenagers because they are most likely to have no interest at all in it, to be an entrepreneur you must research what your target markets main interest are questionnaires is a good way to find out.The legal structure of business and the alternativesI have the choice of three legal business structures which is a sole trader, partnership and private limited company.Sole trader is a business which is owned by only one individual because of this there are no rules the individual can include as many ideas as they want in the ir business and make as many changes without the permission of someone else. The individual pays all the taxes receives all the profit and losses too. A sole trader can also have their own name as their business. An advantage of being a sole trader is it is very easy to start your business and all the profit of the business belongs to the sole trader. The disadvantages are the sole trader owns a lot of responsibility e.g. having to make up for all the business funds, being responsible for debts and business can become unsuccessful.Partnership a partnership in business is when 2 owners put together a business and work as a team. They both receive all the profit and losses. Many people choose to do partnerships to corporate with money and taxes because its a hard enough job for one. In the UK a partnership normally has one or more people called general partners or one or more people who call them selves limited partners and their job is to sums of money but they are unable to receive their money back or become a part in the management of the business, basically they do not have power. When partnering with someone it means less money from your pocket will be spent and your business will be more flexible.Private limited company private limited companies are normally small businesses normally they are run by family or a small group of people. A majority of them would put in money. The more the money an individual puts in the more power they would have in the business. They can only receive debts by the company if they have signed a personal guarantee. Private limited companies have share holders and they do not do public exchanges.Which one is suitable for me and whyBeing a sole trader is the most suitable for me because I have come up with my own business and Ill like to have the profit to myself. I plan to be my own boss and make all the rules to my business. I also want to be able to make big decisions alone such as changing the name for my business without so meone to disagree with me. Although a lot of money issues will hit me at the start I have to keep strong and handle the money is reasonable ways.The legal background of business and the legislationWhenever a consumer buys goods they must have legislation laws that are designed to keep protection over them. The two most common ones are sales good action and the supply of goods and services.Sale of goods act- this allows customers to buy quality products and will fit their purpose. With sales good act you can buy goods then later realise that they dont fit your purpose or they are damaged you have the rights to a refund. But to get refunds you must complain to the shop or service in a certain amount of time normally stores have a rule of within 28 days. If the days have passed by the customer can still claim their product is damaged but they will have to fill a form of repair or replacement.Supply of Goods and Services- this is mainly for services like hairdressers, bike garages etc. theses services should have reasonable care and skill, their prices should be reasonable also complaints from customers should be made in a reasonable time.These are the ways that customers may complain:1. Return the goods to the person who owns the service2. Write a complaint and keep a copy it letter3. Call consumer direct service to get some consumer advice4. Exchange or refund my productCustomers have rights to:1. Ask for a receipt2. Ask to see prices3. Complain in writing, email or phone4. Compare prices between products5. Not pay cash in advance6. Not accept credit notes instead of refundsMy business will have supply of goods and services for reasons such as:1. Home Delivery2.3.4.5.Secondary research of my areaSecondary research of my areaI live in South Norwood which is the Croydon borough but if I was a couple of roads away I would in the borough of Lewisham meaning my house is in the border line of two different borough. This makes me very lucky because my service can apply to 2 councils and give me a wider range of customers. I went research area sites such as www.upmystreet.com and www.yell.com to find information on my neighbourhood.Description of my neighbourhoodMany people who live in my area are suburban privately renting professionals, only 1.09% of the UK population live in my neighbourhoodPeople who live in South Norwood are normally found in outer London areas such as Richmond, Sutton and Croydon.Many are middle classed, in their 20s- 30s and well educated. They have developing ideas in professional and managerial jobs.They have high interest in leisure activities, they are comfortable using the internet, CDs, books, and going on holiday to places like USA and Canada. They read Broadsheet papers.People who live in South Norwood are likely to have a high family income, their education and degree level is very high, the numbers of couples with children are quite low.Schools information in my areaPrimary schools get great results in maths Engli sh, maths and scienceSecondary schools get 50% good results except for South Norwood high and Harris academy which are private.There are many secondary schools and primary schools in South Norwood which shows that there are a number of children living in South Norwood borough.This is relevant because I now know that there are many schools around where my business is set which can attract lots of children and teenagers. I could also visit some schools to advertise my business. This is a good idea because young children and teenagers love to have their own individual style and getting their clothes customised is a way of doing that.Crime figures-Population- 301,00-House holds- 131,000-Violence against a person- 18.5%Sexual offences and burglary offences are lower than the average ratethis is relevant because now I know that there is a number of people and households in my area to my business has a chance of having a lot of customers. The percentage of violence against a person is quit e low in my area so I now also know that people feel save and welcome coming to South Norwood this is an advantage for my service.HousesHouses in South Norwood are quite expensive average prices are around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½850 per month. Because of this I would do my first year of business as home and delivery, and then save enough to move out and pay for my own apartment to continue my business in.Doing research on the prices of houses in South Norwood is relevant because I will know how much to save for when Im ready to buy my own shop. But because its a shop service and not internet service it will take me longer to save.People in South Norwood are likely to go clubbing, they love keeping fit e.g. swimming, gym and yoga centre. They love buying clothes, especially the women. I know this because there are more female clothing stores than males. There are not many charity stores which show people are able to afford first hand clothes. Research is really good for business because I now k now that what sort of market ill be targeting my potential productsBorough of Croydon qualifications from Jan 2008- Dec 2008 (From: www.nomisweb.co.uk) This show that in Croydon havingLewisham council qualifications from Jan 2008 Dec 2008 (From: www.nomisweb.co.uk) This showCalculation of Croydon council and Lewisham councilAmount of males living in Croydon 144.3 (in thousands)Amount of females living in Croydon 156.4 (in thousands)Amount of male living in Lewisham- 128.4 (in thousands)Amount of females living in Lewisham- 130.1 (in thousands)Croydon councilAmount of 5-15 year olds females in Croydon- 19.8 (in thousands)Amount of 16-29 year olds females in Croydon- 23.8 (in thousands)Total Croydon females (5-29)- 43.6 (in thousands)Amount of 5-15 year olds males in Croydon- 20.8 (in thousands)Amount of 16-29 year olds males in Croydon- 23.6 (in thousands)Total Croydon males (5-29)- 43.6 (in thousands)Total males and females in Croydon- 88.0 (in thousands)Lewisham council Amount o f 5-15 year olds females in Lewisham- 15.7 (in thousands)Amount of 16-29 year olds females in Lewisham- 27.8 (in thousands)Total Lewisham females (5-29)- 43.5 (in thousands)Amount of 5-15 year olds males in Lewisham- 15.1 (in thousands)Amount of 16-29 year olds males in Lewisham- 20.0 (in thousands)Total Lewisham males (5-29)- 35.1 (in thousands)Total males and females in Lewisham- 78.6 (in thousands)Overall total of 15-29 years Croydon and Lewisham council-166.6 (in thousands)How I will fit into the market?My competitorsTheir strengths and weaknesses(Look for other customising stores in Lewisham and Croydon council)Yell.com and up my streetResearch on Catering(Mintel oxygen and BBC)QuestionnaireI done a questionnaire for 10 people in the age category between 11-29. these people out of random sample so that the results will not be biased, this is an open ended questionnaire meaning that the respondents can give answers according to their own opinion in length.1. Are you interested i n different2. Would you mind getting your clothes customised or designed3. What garment would you like to get customised and how much would you pay for it?4. What components would you use for your clothes?5. What occasions are you most likely to get your clothes customised or designed for?6. If there was a special occasion would you get your clothes customised, designed or just buy it and why?7. Would you recommend friends to get their clothes customised and designed where you do?8. Would you go to a home and delivery service to get your clothes customised or shops?The results and analysis of the results of questionnaire1.Are you interested in fashion9 people said yes for reasons such as they find it important when it comes to buying clothes and their looks.1 person said no because he just buys clothes to have something on he doesnt care what it is.Here I discovered that more people take fashion take fashion and the way they prevent themselves really important.2. Would you mind gett ing your clothes customised or designed3 people said yes that they would mind because they prefer buying new clothes, they have enough money to afford new clothes or they would rather give it away to charity shops instead.7 people said no they wont mind for reasons such as it would look better customised, it would suit their taste, to make their older clothes have a modern look, it would make them look exclusive and they can have any design they want with it.Here I discovered that people still treasure their clothing and love to look like individuals from others, this is a positive thing because customising does this job.3. What garment would you like to get customised and how much would you pay for it?2 people said skirts3 said jackets1 said footwear3 said trousers1 said a shirtWhen it came to pricing the lowest price someone said they would pay to get their garment customised was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 which is good because buy prices are mostly around ten poundsThe most someone said they would pay is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200 because they had high expectations of customised pricing, the price made me very surprised.Here I discovered that people are willing to pay a good amount of money to get their clothes done and because my service provides it cheap i know that i may have a huge number of customers coming to my service.4. What components would you use for your clothes?Beads, buttons, patches, chains, netting, patterns, broche and glitter on got 1 responseRibbons got 2Sequences, studs and spray paint got three responsesPrinting was the most popular with 5This shows that i would have to have more printing facilities and a range of sequences, studs and spray paints.5. What occasions are you most likely to get your clothes customised or designed for?Evening outing 1Birthday 5Summer carnival 1Wedding 2Party 2Here shows birthdays are the most popular occasions people want to get their clothes customised or designed for. This makes me lucky because birthdays come every month of t he year.6. If there was a special occasion would you get your clothes customised, designed or just buy it and why?Designed 6Buy it 4Many people said designed for reasons such as they want to look different from everyone, its for a special occasion so its worth getting their clothes designedMany said they would buy it because getting it designed takes time and it cheaper but what they didnt know is most of my pricing is probably half the price they expect it to be.Unfortunately people would rather buy their clothes than get it customised because they think customising cost more and it takes more time.7. Would you recommend friends to get their clothes customised and designed where you do?Yes 8No 2Most of the people said that they would recommend it to their friends if they chose to have their clothes looking unique, if they are able to afford it, they might have their own good ideas, so they can also be original, they might want to have the same designs as them and only if the servic e is good2 said no because they wouldnt want to be copied and they could be looking good without people knowing where they get their clothing madeThis is good because i know that the majority of people that come to get their clothes customised will spread the word which will rise the amount of customers that I have.8. Would you go to a home and delivery service to get your clothes customised or shops?Yes 5No 5Here It shows some people are not comfortable with going the home business services and would rather go to a known customising store, but many people wont mind getting their clothes from a home delivery service as long as they get their needs and wants.ConclusionIn conclusion it shows that my hypothesis is correct. A majority of people will love to get their clothes customised or designed this is evidence in my results in question 6, that is an advantage.However some people say that they will prefer to buy their clothes or give their old ones to charity this is the disadvantage .Business plan and who may need to provide it to(Read notes) (Go on tutor 2 you).starter planMarketing planFinancial planCash flow forecastForecast profit and loss accountBalance sheetProvide it to potential investors and bank managersWhich regulations I have to followWhy is it important to plan?Overview of the economic situation in its current state and how it is effect businessesHow it may affect my businessWho I will employ:* Students with the same level experience and qualifications as me* Business, ICT or any subject GCSE grade A*-C and A level grade* Over the age of 16 or older* Male or female and any race* Have at least one work experience with the catering or cooking services* Able to accept payShort term:* First I will hire 4 people because of the percentage I have to pay out, this will help me save money to establish my business* The pay will be lower at first (20% of what is made by the company)* I will first give the jobs to friends and family members that I know who hav e good experience of cooking and catering.Long term:* I will hire more people to work full time services once the business starts to make profits* the pay will rise up 30% of what the business makes* I will be able to hire those who are not family, as long as they can show me their CV and qualifications. Also I will interview them and give them trial runs to see if they are good enough for the job.* Someone to be my financial manager so they can deal with the money in the business.What responsibilities that is ahead:* me and the workers are responsible for all customers equipments* I am must make sure that my employees are comfortable in their position in my business* I am responsible for the money that goes in and out of business as I am the owner and I want the business to succeed so money control is importantWhat complications that may occur in the company:* the business will first be based in my parents home it may be a bit to hard to work in because of the people coming in and out of the house causing distributions* theyre may be many arguments because people have different ways of cooking or different styles of cooking* there may not be enough cooking equipment at first so people will have to do different things while one member of the business is using it that piece of equipment* It may be hard to attend to all customers need at once because of the volume of staff we will have at first but we must try to attend to all customers as so as possible so they will have positive feedback to other customer about business.