When will Gang Violence End - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3006 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Gang Violence Essay Did you like this example? Astonishingly, gangs come second to terrorists nationally, on works of pure evil (Chandler). Gangs are known for their mysterious background, making it hard for society to understand them. Youth are attracted to all the lies gangs sell: it is a social group, an easy way to make money, a way to feel loved and accepted. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "When will Gang Violence End" essay for you Create order For these reasons, the explosion of youth gangs across the Nation is out of control. In 2015 the United States police department gathered as much possible information on gangs. They gather information from all across the nation and concluded there are 76,000 gang members, 24,000 official gangs, and in 29,000 jurisdictions (Chandler). The numbers from this poll have continued to rise. Often times people wonder what effect youth gangs have on society since they have such an unclear upbringing. HISTORICAL CONTENT In the medieval western times, the abbeys had groups of disobedient young men who were recruited into the abbeys. These recruits were known as the Abbeys of misrule. The Abbeys of Misrule battled each other to gain honor and power to represent their individual abbey (Loury). Following the Abbeys of misrule, society began to call mischievous groups of people, thugs. The word thug originates from the Indian word Thuggees. In India in the 13th-century, Thuggees were known for robbing people of their prized possessions and harming others as a mark of authority and power. European youth gangs in the 15th century were the first gangs to associate color with their name; the Mims, Hectors, Bugles, and Dead boys (White). These youth gangs were prominently known for breaking windows, burning down taverns, and fighting each other with colored banners (Loury). The colors associated with gangs in this era were a strong sense of establishment and identification (Dickson-Gomez). This will carry on over the next centuries, leading into todays era. South Africa had young black males, who called themselves the Tsotsi. They formed their youth gang to protect other black men in their country (Fatal shooting). They brought the idea of instilling fear into people who were not black and not male, by harming only caucasian people (Swift 25). The majority of gangs around the world, not in the United States, are not in favor of American gangs. Opposingly in the United States, many youth gangs were formed in order to discriminate minorities. The main point of interest driving these young people to join a gang was the fact concerning minorities were controlling the municipal politics. Young white males were unhappy with how ethnic minorities were controlling the librarians, parks, local police, water systems, and roadways (Driscoll). White males began to form violent rallies and gangs against the different ethnic groups who were controlling the municipal politics. In the 1950s, New Zealand had an uprising youth gang who was accountable for 90% of the crime involved in New Zealand. They were primarily known as the Maras. The name Mara comes from the Marabunta ant, located and discovered in Central America. These ants are very destructive. Marabunta ants are known for devouring and demolishing everything in their path. The Maras are secondarily known as the Trucha. Trucha is the Spanish word for trout but also is a slang wor d for a rude, prudent person (Gardner 12). Twenty years ago religious institutions were the biggest social institutions, where children would gather together for one purpose. The direction of society is changing. Today, gangs are becoming an important social organizer for a lot of teens (White). They no longer search for a church or a religion, but simply a gang. FORMATION OF GANGS Youth gangs are a growing phenomenon. They are not only prevalent in America, but also in countries across the nation. The question so many Americans and foreigners are wondering is; Why do these youth gangs form? The simple answer is because every child, teenager, youth, even adult, wants to feel accepted into society (Gardner 13). Teenagers especially yearn for someone to love them. Often times, in safe family environment homes, the love teens desire is from their parents, grandparents, aunts, and uncles. When theres a lack of love and trust at home, the teenage must search somewhere else (Chandler). This leads us to the mystery issue of how gangs form. Poverty in families often leads to neglect or abuse, causing the youth to leave their home, or be kicked out. Leaving them looking for a companionship and a place to call home. Gangs are a substituted family for youth around the world (Gardner 12). Researchers have found three major reasons why youth choose a gang as their safe haven. The first reason is, once apart of a gang, the members within it are responsible for each other. Meaning, the child or teenager, who may have lacked support, protection, or affection at home, now has all those in his/her gang (Swift 21). The primary leader takes the role of a father or mother and gives the child what feels like healthy physical, mental, and emotional support and protection (Loury). Secondly, gangs primarily form in tightly-knit communities. Occasionally a bother and a sister might join, or maybe twins will join together. This creates family ties within the gang members, making the decision to join a gang more prevalent. Lastly, indigenous people and minorities tend to feel more excluded from the world (Gale 7). No one wants to feel unwanted or not cared about. Therefore minorities, who feel they do not fit in, are intrigued by the idea of joining a gang who welcomes them for who they are. These are just a few reasons why children/teenagers chose gang life. The gang leader appeals to these young children who are searching for their identity. They may manipulate their thoughts, by telling the teenagers their family, friends, and coworkers do not care about them (Fatal shooting). The leader of a gang can often make his gang sound very appealing to a young indigenous kid who is looking for someone to accept him/her, or a child of a minority who wants his friends to like him. Especially in todays day and age; high expectations are put on people, especially youth (Swift 21). These high expectations do a number on those who feel they are not reaching the expectations society has put on them (Driscoll). Craving acceptance and attention; children seek refuge. Youth gangs are forming all across the nation at a rapid pace because kids need and want a place they can safely call home. INITIATION It is sad to watch children flock to unhealthy solutions thinking they are going to fix their messy situations. Initiation is a huge term used when talking about youth gangs, or gangs in general. The process taken to be officially accepted and apart of a gang is called initiation. Initiations are cruel, and some may wonder how such innocent youth can do such horrific deeds. The answer simply lies in the tragedy of their own lives and homes. Caleb helm is a man who was once involved in a gang as a teenager back when he lived in Washington. He shares of the realities of gang initiation when he stated, Initiation was different for everyone. It was how you got your individual name. My name was invisible because I could do and go anywhere without being seen (Helm). Initiation is not just a test to pass. It is proof to who the person is and what they are capable. It shows the leader what resourceful talents one can bring to the gang family (Helm). For youth who chose to join a gang, initiation is a part of their new identification. It is apart of their place in this world, making it very important to them. Chris Lane was a seventeen-year-old boy. His closest friends were trying to get involved in a gang. When Chris refused, they demanded he joined; even threatened him. Chriss parents had warned him of the danger of gangs in his city and the lies they would tell to get him interested in joining one. Chris tried to explain to his friends his religion (Christianity) and his morals were against the gang life. Refusing to join, his three best friends were commanded to kill Chris. Killing Chris would be apart of their initiation process, to show dedication to the gang life. Following Chriss death, his father reported that Chris has warned his dad. He told him he denied the invitation to join a gang, and in return, his friends would have to kill him for initiation. His father, who had warned him of the gruesome gangs for so many years, underestimate the power and control of initiation (Loury). He lost his son to three innocent kids who wanted to join a manipulative gang. He now travels the world to testify of the horror within youth gangs. Initiation is a terrible aspect of the mysteries behind the life of gang members, yet it is real. It is alive, and it is scary. The world is full of examples of the dangers when involved in a gang, or the dangers gangs put on society. Chicago, Illinois, and Los Angeles, California are two of the biggest hot spots for gang activity in the United States (Gale 8). Los Angeles is best known for the Crips, the Bloods, and a Mexican affiliated gang called The Mara Salvatrucha (White). Chicagos most widely acknowledged gangs are from Latin origin. The Latin Kings are the largest Latin organization (Dickson-Gomez). The members of these gangs, both from Los Angeles, Chicago and all over the United States specialize in cruel activity (Fatal shooting). Their actions do not reflect emotions, but rather reflect the trauma they endured or the economic crisis they are in. To a person in poverty, joining a gang and the drug cartel is a quick fix to get rich. Economics begins to play a huge role in youth joining gangs (Swift 19). The drug sales bring in a lot of cash, more than they are used to. All the sudden, the gang life is better than their home life, and their willing to do anything to stay (Gardner 27). Money pushes people to commit acts of violence or evil, they would never consider if money was not involved. Motorcycle gangs are another form of a gang most often found in America. Hells Angels and Satans Choice are the most dangerous. They travel around the country in groups of twenty plus packs usually. They use their motorcycle to instill fear in those around them and their rival gangs. Similar to the gangs in America, other continents have problems with it too (White). Motorcycle gangs may seem harmless, traveling miles upon miles on motorcycles; however, they are traveling to find trouble they can start. Russia has a group called the White Inquisitors. They discriminate against any race other than Caucasian. Harming many African Americans, Latinos, and Mexicans, the White Inquisitors find pleasure in minorities pain. Inflicting pain to adults, teens, and even children of other races makes this specific gang dangerous to the minorities in Russia. Other hate gangs are found in Cape Town. Cape Town is a small town in South Africa, with over 130 different gang affiliations: the Hard Livings, Mongols, Junky Funky Boys, and the Americans. The Americans are the largest gang association in Cape Town. Their name is made to discriminate all American citizens. They specifically target gangs in the United States who are bringing in a lot of revenue each year. These groups/gangs are looking for ways to harm people who are different races than themselves. Names/titles to gangs are extremely important. Gangs give themselves names to tell society what they stand for, and what legacy they want to leave behind (Swift 19). Names often times oppose religion by using words or phrases meaning, without God or abandonment of God. Gang names have four main purposes. The first being to promote fear, secondly to claim their territory. Next, a name establishes their identity, and lastly promotes loyalty within the group and from outsiders. All these gangs and many more are apart of the pure evil affecting mankind every day. Many people wonder why Police have not been able to stop the outburst of gangs around the world. The Polices job is to protect the people and stop evil. Why have they not stopped gang life? Gangs are so evil and corrupt, especially in Urban places (Swift 18). This creates the fear to enter gang territory very high, even for highly trained and skilled cops (Driscoll). The bond within a gang, and between the members in that gang are strong. The bond is often built between children and adults who have experienced extreme trauma or lack a sense of acceptance (Chandler). This kind of bond is hard to break, almost impossible for cops to completely sever it without getting hurt or killed in the process. Where one gang is located, it is most likely a rival gang is very near. Gangs do not like each other, but they know they are stronger together. This is why they tend to flock together (Loury). If the police department were to barge in on one gang, other gang affiliations in the neighborhood would step in, creating chaos (Fatal shooting). Thankfully, in areas with strong religious backgrounds, gang life is minimal. For example, Ghana and the Middle East have the lowest number of gangs in their area. This is because Ghana is extremely Christian, and the Middle East is primarily Islamic (Gale 10). Although the police are not capable of completely stopping gangs worldwide, finding ways to reform urban areas into communities where everyone feels accepted, is essential to reducing gang violence. A FUTURE WITH GANGS A future without gangs is a far-fetched idea. While the elimination of gangs in the United States and around the world would be spectacular, it is not a reasonable idea. The largest gangs have been around for a long time. Their roots are deep, their connections are vast, and their community is continuously growing. Hispanic and black gangs in Chicago, Illinois and Los Angeles, California began around a century ago (Gardner 27). These gangs have unbreakable connections and ties (Dickson-Gomez). Richard Swift, the author of the book Gangs, explains why gangs violence needs to be limited. He states: Living free from the threat of armed violence is a basic human need. It is a precondition for human development, dignity, and wellbeing Conflict prevention and resolution, human rights, good governance and peacebuilding are key steps towards reducing poverty, promoting economic growth and improving peoples lives. (Swift) Gangs have become a source of survival for the majority of members who join them. A large reason for gangs being important to the survival of their members has to do with money. The economic plan within each gang is unique, but each one brings in a lot of revenue. Americans, as well as mankind, are obsessed with money (Driscoll). The drastic measures one will go to provide for his/ her family is amazing. Money motivates our economy and empowers our society. The unlikelihood of gangs ever disappearing, brings up the question of how can cities, states, countries minimize the negative impact of gangs on their society? The first solution would be to reduce drug cartel. Prisons all across the nation are filled with people who misused drugs. Over 50% of all people in prison were convicted of some type of drug crime (Chandler). Enforcing drug laws, and monitoring drug cartel would lower the revenue coming in from drugs. Selling, buying, and reproducing drugs is a priority in over 75% of gangs across the nation (Gale 10). The war on drugs, a such a massive issue, hard to control. The elimination of drugs is a war lost, but the reduction of drugs is a more compliant subject. Gangs will decrease significantly when the drug cartel slows down in business (Swift 13). As mentioned earlier, police have little action they can take to be effective in taking down gang activity, but many states in the United States are beginning to talk of threats to be m ade. To intimidate gangs members (Loury). The police in Illinois and California, (home of the largest gangs in the world) in particular have stated a method of approach they will be taking: Police would first identify members on parole or probation and compel them to attend a meeting. There the cops would deliver an ultimatum the shootings must stop. And if they do not stop the consequences will be swift and certain, and severe, and punishment will be handed out not just to the individual involved in the shooting but to everyone in that individual gang. (Swift) Police following through on this tactic of not simply punishing the shooter, but everyone associated with the gang will hopefully instill fear in gangs across the United States. The world is filled with a lot of evil. Whatever society can do to enhance our community and reduce the acts of pure evil will have immense benefits (Gale 7). Although it is not reasonable thinking, to assume gangs can be eliminated or outlawed, it is reasonable to do whatever needed to reduce the negative impact gangs have on society. Gangs around the world are integrated into the communities family and friends live in. The people within these gangs are mostly motivated by money and fear to commit careless acts. These type of heartless crimes and murders are dangerous to mankind. The devastation coming from gang initiation processes is heartbreaking. These innocent children who have grown up without a loving guardian are adopted into a manipulative group called a gang. The majority of their life after is stolen from the gang life. People are crying out to stop these dangerous groups and pleading help for these children who have grown up with a lack of parental guidance. Gangs will not disappear, but knowing more about their cruel lifestyle, gives the nation a voice to speak out against them, and create a healthy, effective solution to reducing the number of gangs. Hopefully knowing the causes of gangs forming, helps clear the mysteries within gang life and helps people see the effects they have on the world.

The Year Of Living Biblically - 1457 Words

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How to Put Together a Desktop Computer Tower Free Essays

As a teenager I was always fond of computer. I built my first desktop computer in 2009 when I was able to afford purchasing all the components myself. In March of 2012 my desktop had a power surge and short-circuited the motherboard, rendering the rest of the components useless. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Put Together a Desktop Computer Tower or any similar topic only for you Order Now I tore apart the desktop tower and inspected all my components to see what would be reusable. The power supply, video card, CD optical drive, and hard drive could all be salvaged. I placed all the salvaged components in an anti-static bag and stored them in a dry and relatively cool area in my closet. Once I knew what components and new hardware I would need I began researching all the new products in the market. I realized my once top of the line components were outdated but, being poor I had to make due with my salvaged parts. The list of components needed was concise, but rather expensive. I needed a new motherboard, central processing unit, processor cooler, and a new desktop computer tower case. I had to wait and save another paycheck to buy all the necessary components. As soon as all my components arrived I cleared approximately a five by five foot flat surface in my living room and laid all my components down in their boxes. I first unboxed my tower case and read the manual of its capabilities and how its fans are set up. I then opened all the rest of the boxes and laid out each component. Inspection of each component is a must at this point. If you’re able to find damage before you put your computer together it’ll save you the time of disassembling your computer once you’ve found out something has malfunctioned. If you’re lucky like I was you will not have any damaged parts and you can continue to assemble your computer rig. The first step to assembling the computer is to install your central processing unit. In my case, I had to install both the central processing unit and the processor cooler on the motherboard before mounting it in the tower case. Once that was installed I proceeded to installation of the video card. On the motherboard there is a specific PCI-express x16 slot made for fast reading components such as the video card. Some video cards require two slots for the supplied cooling fan, as the more graphically demanding the software you run on your computer will be, the hotter your video card will run. After the video card was installed I then installed the random access memory sticks into their respective slots on the motherboard. The last major component of the build is the power supply. This connects directly to each of the separate components to supply electricity. Learning to build computers by myself was very easy. The key to success with computers is to stay calm and remain calm. I self-taught myself how to build a computer was as easy as reading the manual. All the supplied manuals I received with my components were very clear and accurate. They explain how to route wires, where to plug-in each component, and to make sure each part in seated properly. How to cite How to Put Together a Desktop Computer Tower, Essay examples

Children and Young Person Development free essay sample

Child and young person development Physical development Age range| Description of the stage| An example of how this impacts onanother aspect of development| 0 – 3 months| The first 3 months of a new-born’s physical development will pass by more quickly than you can imagine. During this time parents will note a change in there infant’s growth, appearance, motor abilities, and sensory development. | | 3 – 6 months| In months 3 through 6, Babies physical development continues to progress. He/She has graduated from the new-born look to that of a baby with full cheeks and a plump body. They will also be able to begin to show a whole new range of skills and abilities| | 6 – 9 months| Between 6 to 9 months you will be amazed by the physical development of your little one. While he continues to master the skills he learned  in previous months, you will now see him move (quite literally) to new levels in many areas of development. | | 9 – 12 months| Not only have they grown from this tiny infant that once fit in the crook of their parents arm, but they are now making both literal and figurative steps toward increased mobility and agility. During this stage everything is new and interesting. Use 5 senses to explore the environment around them. They all able to stand on their two feet but will put their hands out to the side for balance. | | 2 – 4 years| At the age of two most children can climb onto furniture in the home, they are able to throw a ball but are not able to catch at this stage| | 4 – 7 years| At this stage the child will be able to develop a good sense of balance, bend at the waist to pick up objects from the floor. | 7 – 12 years| Their balance will have improved as will there walking and running skills. Their bodies will start to change as they get closer to the puberty. | | 12 – 16 years| The child’s body will start to go through the changes that are brought on by puberty. They will start to notice things and experience things that they didn’t experience before. | | 16 – 19 years| At this age the child is a fully developed young adult. There bodies should have adjusted to the changes that experienced from puberty. | | Intellectual development Indicate needs and understand basic instructions. Claps hands and can wave goodbye. | | 1 – 2 years| During this stage, language skills will progress from grunting and pointing to single words. Pronunciation is difficult. They steadily build vocabulary by taking in the language around them. | | 2 – 4 years| They are able to listen and understand stories, rhythms and conversations. As they are learning their letters but may call their numbers as letters. They will begin to ask questions about the environment around them. | . | 4 – 7 years| They should be able to hold a conversation and express their needs clearly. | 7 – 12 years| Getting their point across is key at this stage and may start an argument if they feel they are not being understood| | 12 – 16 years| Their communication skills are developed but they will begin to communicate less with their parents and more with their or siblings. They will argue a lot more at this stage to assert their independence. | | 16 – 19 years| There communication skills are fully developed but they may still be adding to their developed skills through learning other ways to communicate. | | Social, emotional and behavioural development Age range| Description of the stage| An example of how this impacts onanother aspect of development| 0 – 3 months| During the first few months babies are very restless and rely on the parents for relief from stress and other negative emotions. Therefore at this stage they are not really developing in the aspects of social, emotion and behavioural | | 3 – 6 months| Show recognition of familiar faces. Emotions will be expressed through smiles and cooing noises if happy while tears and cries will express sadness. | | 6 – 9 months| They don’t like to be separated from mum and dad and will be wary of strangers. As social beings babies will socialise well with other babies well through baby sounds. | | 9 – 12 months| They are still discovering emotions so don’t have a grasp on what is going on but they will express themselves if unhappy. | | 1 – 2 years| They are just learning to recognize and manage their feelings. They respond to conflict through tantrums or by hitting, screaming or crying. | | 2 – 4 years| Emotionally, they need familiar adults nearby for security and comfort as they continue to explore and play. They will develop more independence and start to explore true friendships with other children. They are still learning how to manage/ recognise the causes of feelings and will offer simple comfort through hug. | | 4 – 7 years| During this stage the child may have a one good friend but they will change friend easily after a minor argument. They will be attention seek to get attention from others. | | 7 – 12 years| They will be able to socialise with there peers and have a solid group of friend (2-3 children). Depending on the child some children at this stage will think they have all the answers but don’t have a concept of what they are talking about. There pretty balanced emotionally but as they get closer to 10-12 they will start to change. | | 12 – 16 years| During the stages between puberty they will start to push the behavioural boundaries and social boundaries. Emotionals will be all over the places as they go through puberty. | | 16 – 19 years| They are fully able to expressive themselves emotionally| | Task B Child and young person development Type of Influence | Give ONE example of the effect onchildren and young people’sdevelopment| Why recognising andresponding to this isimportant| Background| Religious background. Recogniseing the religious background of a child is important as many religions have a certain diet and you must make sure that you have food suitable. But also responding by allowing the child to talk about their religions amp; festivals that they may celebrate is a way for not only you but other children to recognise the importance of this event. | Health| Meningtis | It’s important to recognise the symptoms of meningitis and not get them confused with the symptoms of another illness, as soon as the symptoms are shown immediate medical attention. Responding quickly to the symptoms and contacting the medical services makes the chance of the illness becoming more severe. | Environment| family problems at home| It’s important to recognise this as it could effect the child emotionally and sociably if there is a lot of arguing at home the child may start to feel scared to interact with other people due to fear of arguments being started. Responding to this also important as you need to find away to make the child feel comfortable so they can regain interactions with other’s without the fear of starting an argument. | Task C- Child and young person development | Transition experienced by mostchildren and young people:| Example of possible effect on children andyoung people’s behaviour and development| 1| From crawling to walking| Moving from crawling to walking | 2| Going to Nursery| Going to nursery opens up there social amp; intellectual development as they are socialising with other children but are also learning new skills| 3| Developing New Skills| By developing new skills, they are able to develop skills that not only help them later in life but they may also learn that they are more gifted are certain things. Transition experienced by somechildren and young people:| Example of possible effect on children andyoung people’s behaviour and development| 1| Violence/Abuse| With children they are likely to become anixious amp; find it difficult to sleep. They may also suffer from nightmares or flashbacks and will become easily startled. 2| Death in the family| The child or young person may suffer from a long period of depression with loss of interest in daily activities and events. | 3| Parents Divorcing| A child or young person who is going through the divorce of there parents is likely to feel a sense of rejection which could affect them later in life.

3 Oil Gas Plays Essay

3 Oil Gas Plays Essay 3 Oil Gas Plays Essay 3 Oil & Gas Companies To Buy Right Now I used the following screener to find the following plays: Independent Oil & Gas PEG 1 Forward P/E 10 Two of the following stocks may currently trade at a fair price based on historical P/E, however they are bargains when you look at their forward P/E and future growth opportunities. Bellatrix Exploration Ltd (BXE) Bellatrix Exploration is an oil and gas company based in Canada. The firm has a lot of land in Alberta, Canada. There are 14 analysts covering the stock all giving a strong buy/buy rating and an average target of $12 a share. Bellatrix continues to grow rapidly every year, with no signs of stopping any time soon. Source - bellatrixexploration.com/docs/default-source/presentations/bxe-corporate-presentation-sept-2-2014.pdf?sfvrsn=6 Average EPS estimates for 2015 are 0.84 per share. Applying a PE multiple of 10 (which it is currently trading above at 10.8), I can see the stock trading at $8.40 by the end of 2015. This represents a return of 21% from current levels ($6.9 a share). The firm has a PEG ratio of 0.36. PEG looks at the P/E ratio divided by the annual EPS growth. A figure below 1 is seen as undervalued. A figure of 0.36 highlights the current P/E ratio hardly takes into account the growth opportunities the firm has to offer over the next few years. Abraxas Petroleum Corp (AXAS) I am going to use the same logic I used for BXE. Average EPS estimates for 2015 are 0.69 per share. Applying a conservative PE multiple of 10 (it is currently trading at a multiple of 13.15), I can see the stock trading at $6.90 in the medium term. This represents a return of 31% from current levels ($5.26

Stadia and Aquaria

Stadia and Aquaria Stadia and Aquaria Stadia and Aquaria By Maeve Maddox Every so often I receive a comment like this one: Why do you and your countrymen insist on changing the English language? The plural of aquarium is aquaria, stadium is stadia, etc. etc. I like to believe that such comments are meant playfully, to get a rise out of the American. For one thing, the commenter must know that the English language was changing long before there were Americans to speak it. King James I, for whom the first permanent settlement in Virginia was named, would not have understood the English spoken by his predecessor King Alfred. And Queen Elizabeth II does not speak or write the same English that was spoken by King James I. Today’s standard British English and standard American English are different dialects. Considering that both diverged from a form of English spoken 400 years ago in England, they remain remarkably similar. As for the plural of nouns in -um, stadiums and aquariums have become the normal plurals in British periodicals as well as in American. Both dialects do retain the plural stadia in the context of Roman history. The plural aquaria may still be common among British speakers, but in the US, the Latinate plural is more likely to be used by scientists and serious aquarists than by non-specialists. The style guide for The Guardian and The Observer states this policy: Latinate -um neuter endings that are a part of the language (eg stadium) take an -s plural. Note: This style guide does not use periods with e.g., a fact that seems odd to an American: eg no full points. The Guardian/Observer guide has separate entries for the following -um nouns: addendum, plural addendums aquarium, plural aquariums memorandum, plural memorandums, not memoranda referendum, plural referendums, not referenda It also addresses the datum/data debate: data takes a singular verb (like agenda), though strictly a plural; no one ever uses â€Å"agendum† or â€Å"datum.† The Associated Press Stylebook specifies stadiums as the plural of stadium. The Chicago Manual of Style advises writers to consult a dictionary for â€Å"certain words of Latin or Greek origin such as crocus, datum, or alumna.† Here are some of the plural choices given in Merriam-Webster Unabridged: aquarium plural aquariums or aquaria compendium plural compendiums or compendia crematorium plural crematoria or crematoriums encomium plural encomiums or encomia momentum plural momenta or momentums stadium plural stadia in the context of ancient Rome; otherwise, stadiums maximum plural maximums or maxima memorandum plural memorandums or memoranda When in doubt, look up the plural of Latinate -um words in a dictionary that targets your standard dialect of English. When a choice is offered, consider the context in which the word is to be used. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Program vs. ProgrammeDo you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?50 Tips on How to Write Good

Technology and the mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology and the mind - Essay Example One gadget receiving the greatest use the world over is the mobile phone for its communicative importance. Psychologists have expressed concern on grooving excessive use and addiction to mobile phone in today’s society which comes with negative health ramifications. Some scientists have also opined this growing to technology aided by communication gadgets hinders our scientific abilities as people tend consume just what has been made available instead of thinking deeply and innovatively. in other words technology is making us more lazy in terms of thinking critically problematic use of some technologies such as the mobile phone is significantly interfering with quality of life negatively. The amount of time spent on the phone is not the real problem with technology but the need to stay connected. This could be the core reason as to the addiction being witnessed. The response by individuals when their phone is removed is another important cue. Most will show signs such as anxiety, depression and withdrawal if their access to technology is removed. studies in Japan on children who posses phones has shown they are less likely to befriend peers who are not savvy, while another in one in Britain shows that 36% of students in colleges are not able to survive with their phones. According to Sheffield quoted in (Birdwell, 2007) â€Å"The most shocking figure was that 7 percent said the use of mobile phones had caused them to lose a relationship or a job.† On the hand there those who oppose the argument that technology is detrimental to the mind. Their position is based on the fact that technology is being used by all scientists in their work, it continues to enhance life in every area. E-mail, PowerPoint presentations, the internet, mobile phones and other technologies they argue are part and parcel of any scientist’s life. They agree to the notion that information overload may cause

Dude Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dude - Essay Example For example, when I see an acquaintance who I would like to greet, I would normally say: â€Å"Hey dude, good to see you. What’s up?† This meaning was validated in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary (par. 3) as it revealed â€Å"fellow, guy —sometimes used informally as a term of address†. The distinctive element here is that the word is used as a term of address. In other circumstances, dude could mean a guy who wears fashionable clothes or accessories that caught my attention. In this case, I could blurt out: â€Å"Wow! That dude surely dons flashy outfit with such colors, prints and all that bling!† The meaning I want to relay is the fact that the person is dressed in a certain style or fashion worthy of attention. Another meaning of dude for me refers to a person who seem be unfamiliar with life in the city and could be coming from a rural area or from another culture. In this situation, I would use dude as: â€Å"Look at that dude, he seems to be lost or something? Do you think he needs help?† This meaning was likewise validated in Merriam-Webster (par. 2) as â€Å"a city dweller unfamiliar with life on the range; especially: an Easterner in the West†. By manifesting expressions or gestures that indicate unfamiliarity with the surroundings, a person who is new to the environment could be called dude. When the term needs to be explained to people who are learning the English language, one could indicate, in addition to the meanings mentioned above, that dude simply refers to a person, male in gender, who is being referred to or addressed by young people from contemporary generation. Explicitly, this definition appears in the learner’s dictionary portion of Merriam-Webster (par.4) as â€Å"[count] chiefly US slang: a man —used especially by young people†. This definition encompasses the rest of the meanings expounded previously. I was surprised to see from Merriam-Webster (par. 7) that the origin for this term is unknown

Corporate Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate Ethics - Essay Example Also I have personally spoken to some of the employees to understand and identify the key areas. Add to that some research about the history of the company has also been done. Based on the meeting the following areas requiring change has been identified. Identifying the Areas requiring change HR functioning is a very much core and specialized area. But the HR functions of the organization is scattered among individuals. This consists of some employees belonging to the administrative position looking after paper works and a management team looking after HR issues. There we need to achieve centralization. During the meeting and the one on one conversation it was identified there is scope to improve the morale of the employees. Some of the employees were a bit unsure about their job description. This is something that needs to be changed. One the major problems faced by the organization has been relatively high attrition rate (Goswami, 2010). Probable Action Plan In order to have a full y functional centralized HE department, we need to hire some HR executives to look after the core areas such as recruitment, payroll processing, performance management, etc. Also these executives act as a touch point to various departments. The employees looking after the admin work can also be a part of the HR department forming HR and admin division. We must make sure that detailed Job descriptions are prepared across the all departments. The HR manager should entrust the responsibility to the executives looking after different departments. The executive should carry out a job interview for specific job holders to prepare a detailed and appropriate job description. Along with job description the employees should be provided the KRA or key result areas, so that the employees can understand the parameters based on which they can be judged. The organization must have a proper performance management system. This will not only help the employees identify strengths and areas of developm ent, but also help the employees to understand how they could contribute towards the success of the organization in future. One the major problems faced by the organization has been attrition. Therefore to diagnose the problem we should ensure that there is a structured salary, increment and recognition system. It should be made clear to the employees that the increments would be performed based on the findings of the performance management system. Also to motivate the employees there would be existence of reward and recognition system. This would include both monetary as well as non monetary rewards. During the meeting with the employees and managers, some key players should be identified. Those employees could be granted Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP). During the meeting with the employees we found out that there is a need for training, especially for the people who are at constant touch with the customers. For, example customer services reps and sales & marketing professionals . Hence, the corporate team may identify a relevant training partner to impart training. The training could be provided in small pilot batches. Elements of Diagnosis Plan Probable Results Proper JD and KRA Better understanding of roles and responsibilities Proper Internal communication Credibility and Trust Well Designed Performance Management System Helps the employees to identify strengths and weaknesses Salary, increment and recognition system Acts a motivating factor ESOP Retention of key players Training and

A Critique On Rene Descartes Ontological Argument

A Critique On Rene Descartes Ontological Argument Of all the recurring questions of Man, one of the most persistent is the question of our origins. Specifically the question of what, if anything, caused us to exist. It has been argued by generations of minds, all seeking the definitive explanation of our existence. One such mind was that of Rene Descartes, a brilliant philosopher of his time, throughout and beyond ours. His ideas on geometry and metaphysics, among others, remain influential upon the thinkers of today. In Meditations, Descartes formulates the framework and guidelines of his First Philosophy or metaphysics, where methodic doubt is used to discern the nature of being and the world. Here he describes how we can derive a reliable method that can definitively determine what is certain and what is suspect, and further apply that method to prove the existence of absolute ideas such as God or mathematics. The methods ground-up approach is supposed to provide for the foundations of certain knowledge, and so it does. Descartes believes that after I call into doubt everything that can easily be relegated as uncertain (such as sense dependent data), I am left with mental ideas of things that I once experienced through the senses. Given that a chairs physical existence may be suspect, my idea of a chair may also be suspect in regard of some aspects such as appearance, yet I cannot suspect the fact that I am thinking of scale, quantity, measurement, space, etc. in providing for my mental image of the chair. Hence for Descartes, there are things that are certain regardless of sense experience and it seems mentally impossibly to conceive of them as false. Given this, Descartes develops his reasoning for the existence of God as an all-perfect being. He does this by beginning with an idea that is considered certain and attributing what makes us feel as if something is certain. In this case he considers something certain as something so clearly and vividly perceived that it cannot be untrue. Here he implies then that for something to be true, I just have to have a clear and vivid idea of it and that alone is enough antecedent for its truth-value. He clarifies this by describing the nature of the mind to have clear and distinct knowledge of certain thing to be true because of its basis in something true that is external from the senses. So, when I distinctly and vividly perceive of something I do so in such intensity because of my recall with the higher form of the idea. Descartes then says that one can know that some properties of these higher idea forms can be known to be true because if I know of ultimate idea of a triangle, when I per ceive its three angles to be equal to two right angles, it must be true because I cannot so vividly perceive it as a triangle unless the ultimate nature of a triangle did not contain the predicate of its three angles being equal to two right angles. So then, a property of a clear and distinct object must be true by the basis of its being perceived as also being clear and distinct. Since the concept of a perfect being implies that it contains its own necessary existence, that is, for it to be perfect it must in itself contain all perfections and by extension all expressions of such. For Descartes, because it is clear and distinct that the idea of a perfect God must hold that God has necessary existence, and that if I have an idea of something and I clearly perceive it to have a property then that thing really has that property, then God must exist because Gods existence naturally follows from Gods conception. The problem with this is that because of Descartes logical framework, all it takes for something to exist in the world is to somehow incorporate the idea of existence into the nature of the concept. Also, because all it takes for it to be true is that that I perceive that existence is part of the concept just enough to be vivid and clear. Such that I could conceive of a chair and it would not exist, but the chair were somehow ascribed with a nature of existence such that the chair has the property of existence, and that I clearly and so distinctly perceived it as such, then it would exist. So then, all it takes to create a chair into existence is to somehow be able to build it to the point that I clearly perceive it to be an existing chair. Clearly, we cannot just go around creating chairs out of thin air, so this must not be the case. So then, it should not be so that I can conclude that a thing is existing in the world just by clearly and distinctly perceiving that existence is par t of the things nature. While there must be something that carries its own necessary existence within itself, it should not be so that I am able to ascribe self-necessity to something, as that defeats its purpose. Another similar problem with the Cartesian ontological argument is that just because one knows a perfect Gods nature as having necessary existence, it does not follow that God is in a state of existence. This is because something that is existing, can not necessarily be in existence as a thing. Given that I were to think of the concept of God, and Gods properties, it follows by Cartesian logic that the only thing I can know to be true is that the existence of the concept God, rather than that God is existing in the world. Therefore, when I think of something, I regard it as existing just by the conception of it, regardless of whether the thing I am thinking of exists as such. So existence does not really add to the idea of something because it already exists as one conceptualizes the idea. It can be seen then that Descartes is sneaking that God is existing in the world, when he can only actually observe that there is a subject such as God, and that God-concept is omnipotent, omniscie nt, self-necessary, etc. in the world. For it would be different if there were ways we could empirically observe that God existed in the world. If God existed in the world, then we would be able to observe that a part of Gods essence is that God is existing since it would be obvious to our senses. Given that God was existing, then there would be more perceivable signs of God interacting with matter that are present, even to the point of having an experience of personally watching God affect matter as it is happening. However this is clearly not the case, for we come to our knowledge of God only through the mind, and our current understanding of the physical world. We know that God, being wholly perfect, must then contain all necessary existence within itself, otherwise it would be dependent on another for its own existence and hence not perfect. Clearly this is a logical deduction, which comes from premises that show our collective conception of what an all perfect being is. In othe r words, all we know is that there is a concept of omnipotence- but not perceive omnipotence in reality, there is such a thing as omniscience-but not perceive of omniscience in reality, etc, and that there is such a concept of God who contains all these things by virtue of conceiving Gods God-ness- but no perceive of God in reality. As shown, this is the case in the world, where we can have no relevant or reliable sensory experiences that can show Gods existing in the real world. So then, Descartes is making a logical leap of assumption when he shows that the basis for Gods existing as the fact that God has necessary existence. In making that assumption, he assumes that when I have the full concept of God in my head, as in the idea of God fully and purely, then I clearly perceive Gods necessary existence, and therefore I am supposed to realize that God exists-just because it seems so real to me. Descartes attributes much weight to the feeling that something is clear and distinct, when as it can be seen that it is not enough to perceive a concept as clear and distinct and immediately assume that the concept exists. After all, one can be clear on a concept, and yet that concept could exist in reality or not. In the same way, from being clear that God as existence per se, we can be clear that the concept God as such exists, not that God is existing. The all-perfect being may in fact exist then, but Descartes ontological argument is not enough to be able to expla in how such a being exists in the world.

Theme of Love in Joyce’s Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young

Theme of Love in Joyce’s Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Ulysses    A central theme in James Joyce’s works is that of love: what is it, and how can we discuss it? Joyce could not bring himself to use the word ‘love;’ when Nora asked him if he loved her he could only say that he "was very fond of her, desired her, admired and honored her, and wished to secure her happiness in every way; and if these elements were what is called love then perhaps his affection for her was a kind of love" (Ellmann 6). One can read Molly Bloom’s "Oh, rocks. Tell us in plain words" as Nora’s answer to Joyce’s intellectual, complicated answer (Joyce, Ulysses 64). Perhaps as a result of Joyce’s own concern and questions about love, many of his characters are also confused and looking for a definition of love. There are many kinds of love discussed in Joyce’s works, including love for ideals, family, friends, God, and most importantly, husband and wife. This paper will explore the theme of love in Joyce’s work and show that love is a basic concept in life; characters unsure of this concept need to find a concrete definition before they can be comfortable. To do this I will analyze characters from Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Ulysses, using the Greek ideals of agape; spiritual love, storge; familial love, philia; the love between friends, and eros; sexual love. Godlike Love: Agape Ulysses opens with Buck Mulligan calling Stephen a "fearful jesuit" and mocking church rituals as he shaves (Joyce, Ulysses 3). The two main characters of this novel, Stephen Dedalus and Leopold Bloom have each fallen from their respective faiths. They both suffer for their religious affiliations; Bloom is excluded and h... ...me to terms with the part of love that is comprised of forgiveness. Stephen is yet doomed to wander in search of the meaning of love, but Bloom has found an incomplete definition, at least of eros.    Works Cited Burton, John. "ClassicNote." GradeSaver. http://www.gradesaver.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/ulysses/. July 5th, 2000. Dibattista, Maria. First Love. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, 1991. Ellmann, Richard. Joyce in Love. Cornell University Library. Ithaca, NY. 1959. Joyce, James. Dubliners. Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The Portable James Joyce. Harry Levin, ed. Penguin. 1976, New York. Ulysses. Vintage, New York. 1961. Lockett, Joseph. "Four Loves, No Loves." http://www.io.com/~jlockett/Grist/English/ulysses.html Valente, Francesca. "Joyce’s Dubliners as Epiphanies." The Modern Word. http://www.themodernword.com/joyce/paper_valente.htmls

Assessment For Learning Essay

Although Hamlet and Agamemnon both follow Aristotle’s definition of tragedy, I believe Hamlet is a more tragic play. Many more innocent lives were taken in Hamlet than Agamemnon. Hamlet, Gertrude, Ophelia, Polonius and Laertes were all killed due to Claudius’ deceptive and cheating ways. In Agamemnon, Cassandra and Iphigenia were the only innocent lives taken, both caused by Agamemnon’s lack of morals. The sheer number of deaths in Hamlet that were caused by unjust means and intentions brings a great amount of unrest to the audience. It holds even greater unrest for the audience when compared to Agamemnon. The level of understanding I had with all the characters was far greater in Hamlet than in Agamemnon. Hamlet, the tragic hero in his play, was the main character. The audience was able to connect and sympathize with him through his struggles with avenging his father and his many soliloquies. Touching on the topic of Hamlet’s desire for suicide in his soliloquies gives the impression that he is trapped in his life. Even though he may be miserable in the world he lives in, suicide is forbidden by his religion, and thus he is trapped to stay in a world he hates. Agamemnon does not appear in his play until at least half way through. This makes it difficult to justify Agamemnon, the tragic hero in his play, as the main character. His wife, Clytemnestra is the main character since her story is followed from the beginning to the end of the play. Making a connection with the tragic hero in Agamemnon is much more difficult since the audience does not have a chance to connect with him, ultimately making his death less tragic and compelling to the audience. An element of Aristotle’s definition of tragedy is involving a tragic hero of higher standing. Both of these plays follow that element. Hamlet is the prince of Denmark. Agamemnon is the king of Argos, Greece. Both of these men make and error in judgement that eventually leads to suffering and their final downfall. Hamlet accidently kills Polonius, believing him to be Claudius. This sets a chain of events in action that leads to the death of not only himself, but many people around him. Agamemnon makes the mistake of trusting his wife upon his return. He walks on the purple silk into his palace, where Clytemnestra kills him. This event feels less tragic since the audience almost believes Agamemnon deserves death for sacrificing his own daughter and taking Cassandra as a concubine.

Easy Scholarships to Win How to Find and Apply

Easy Scholarships to Win How to Find and Apply SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Applying for scholarships can be stressful and time-consuming, especially if you’re looking at really competitive awards. Wouldn’t it be nice to apply for scholarships thatyou knew you had a really good shot at winning? If you want to get your hands on some easy scholarship money, you’re in the right place. First, I’ll talk a little bit about what it means to be an easy-to-win scholarship. Then, I’ll get to the good stuff by directing you to the places you should look for these awards - you might be surprised at where you can find them - and how to put together a successful application. What Makes a Scholarship Easy to Win? With many of the popular national scholarships (like the Gates Millennium orCoca-Colaawards), you’re competing with several thousands of applicants forvery large sums of money.Even if you’re a great student, and you meet all the qualifications, your chances of winning the scholarship will be pretty slim just due to the sheer number of students applying. When we talk about easy scholarships to win, we’re talking about scholarships where you have a much better chance of walking away with some money (even if the amount is relativelysmall). There are very few scholarships where an award is guaranteed as long as you meetall award criteria (although they do exist - I’ll get to them later).Ultimately, you can’t count 100% on winning mostscholarships, but you can look for scholarships where your chances of winning are at least higher than average. A Small Note: Easy to Win Vs.Easy to Apply There are a ton of scholarships out there with very short, simple, easy applications.Although it’s smart to apply to scholarships like these - it’s not like you’re wasting much time or energy on the application -an easy application is not the same as an easy win. These super simple apps likely attract a ton of applicants. It’s like playing the lottery (except for free) - it doesn’t hurt, but it’s not like you can count on the winnings. Finally, if you come across a scholarship application that's too good to be true, it probably is.If a scholarship organization purports to guarantee winnings to applicants - especially if the application asks you to submit sensitive information (like your SSN) or even payment - it's probably a scam. Be careful about giving out sensitive information - make sure that your applications are going to legitimate organizations As you may have realized by now, there is no short list of easy scholarships to win for all students. In order to find such scholarships, you'll have to do a bit of legwork. These next three steps will walk you through everything you need to know about finding (and winning) easy awards. Step #1: Apply for Niche Awards One of the best ways to find easy scholarships to win is to look for awards with small, niche applicant pools. The smaller the group of potential applicants, the less competition you have to deal with. Scholarships that are primarily looking for students with impressive grades and leadership potential are not what we’re talking about here (although that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t apply to those scholarships). You might have to spend some time thinking about what your â€Å"niche† might be, but trust me - this time will be well spent. You can start by thinking about unique interests/skills, backgrounds, and club/group affiliations you have. You’ll find many niche scholarships targeted towards students who meet these more specific criteria. For example, the College Board’s scholarship search begins with a survey based on many of the criteria listed below - if you identify with any of the items listed below, you may find better and more specific niche scholarship matches. This list isn’t exhaustive, but it covers the most important bases. You can either use these search terms in scholarship-specific search tools or in Google to find award matches. Here’s your preliminary brainstorming list for niche awards: Special Interests or Skills Arts: music, dance, other visual arts Community service Debate Civil rights or social justice activities Writing/Journalism Special Background Ethnic or racial background Religious background LGBTQ Physical or learning disability Health conditions Personal/family veteran status Specific Club or Group Affiliation There are way too many to list, but a few examples on the College Board scholarship search include: Society of Women Engineers Native Daughters of the Golden West NAACP Eagle Scouts Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Step #2: Apply for Local Scholarships Local scholarships are niche by definition - they’re only really meant for students living in your particular area. They’re often smaller and less competitive than the big national awards, which means your chances ofwalking away with winnings are much better. Narrowing your geographic focus also means narrowing your competition You can search for local awards in a few different ways: Online scholarship search tools (coming soon) - This is the easiest way to get instant access to massive amounts of data. Enter geographic info into scholarship-specific search tools, andGoogleâ€Å"[your hometown/county/state] scholarship† to find the most popular results. Your guidance or college counselor - They tend to be plugged into local scholarship programs, and they may even serve as a reference or letter-writer for recommendations. Local community or cultural centers - These are hubs of local activity that may have info on local scholarship programs. They may even offer scholarships themselves! Want more detailed information? We have a whole guide to finding and winning local awards. Step #3: Check Out "Guaranteed" Scholarships Guaranteed scholarships are awards that you’ll win no matter what, as long as you meet all of the eligibility requirements. Many of these requirements includestrict academic criteria (e.g. minimum standardized test scores, GPA). There are quite a few colleges and universities that give out these guaranteed merit awards if you’re 1) accepted to the school, and 2) have those minimum test scores or GPA.Often, your college app is considered your scholarship app - you’ll be automatically considered for awardswhen you apply to the school.Sometimes, you’ll have to check out schools’ merit awards on your own and submit separate applications. To get more information, you’ll needto have a specific school in mind. Here are the steps you should take to look up possible merit awards at a particular school: Google â€Å"[school name] merit scholarships† - most schools have a separate page designated just for these sorts of scholarship awards. Make sure the scholarships you find are designated for â€Å"entering freshman† - some awards may be meant only for upperclassmen or grad students. Check to see if the school makes a designation between in-state and out-of-state applicants (many public colleges and universities do). Some state schools will give bigger scholarships to non-resident applicants if out-of-state tuition is higher.There may also be differences in award requirements. Finally, check to see if there is a separate application (separate from your college app, that is) or uniquedeadline. Scholarship money is often limited, so you might help your chances of winning cash by applying earlier. To read more about schools that offer money based on academic performance, read our guide on guaranteed scholarships based on ACT/SAT scores. Closing the Deal: Put Together an Awesome Application Once you’ve found the most promising easy-to-win scholarships, you’ll want to follow through by submitting the best applications possible. Here are the most important steps to putting together a winning scholarship application: Make sure you meet all eligibility criteria.Miss just one and you’re likely wasting your time by submitting a full application.Some commonrequirements to look out for include class year, financial need, minimum GPA, and minimum SAT/ACT scores. Ask yourself if you’re a good fit.This is often the difference between a low and high likelihood of winning an award. Are you the target audience here, or do you just technically qualify for the scholarship? Emphasize your ideological ties to the scholarship program (and your ties to the community, if applicable). How do your values align with that of the scholarship program? How are you an active participant in that community, geographic or otherwise? You’re more likely to win if your values and goalsare congruent with thoseof the scholarship organization. Complete ALL PARTS of the application.Before you even start an app, make sure you’ll be able to provide all the documentation that the scholarship asks for. Plan on submitting the app in the exact way that’s asked of you (whether that’s via email, fax, snail mail, etc.). Make sure to meet the deadline.Submit a late application and you’re likely to be disqualified. On the off chance that your application isn't automatically tossed, late submission will definitely not make a good first impression. Don’t wait until the last day to actually send the paperwork in (just in case you run into technical or logistical issues). What's Next? Looking for other ways to make your scholarship search a bit easier? We've got you covered. Start off by checking out scholarships with super simple applications. Next, check out our other top scholarship guides: top awards for high freshmen/sophomores, juniors, and seniors. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Initial Peopling of North America

Initial Peopling of North America Introduction The question of how and when human beings reached North and South America is an interesting topic of debate (Muckle 2010). Some general understandings and consensuses are that the native populations inherited their genetic pool from Asian groups that initially occupied Siberia before the last glacial period (Jablonski 2002). However, the actual time and process through which these groups reached America remains unknown (Dixon 2003).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Initial Peopling of North America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A number of theories attempt to address this question, but none of them provides adequate information to show how these groups reached the continents. In the recent times, genetic studies have proved to be effective in determining the relationship between the Native Americans and the Asian groups. In fact, these studies have shown that the American natives are closely r elated to a number of Asian groups. Several theories such as the Pacific Rim, Biringia, Solutrean and others have attempted to develop models that explain how the Asian groups reached America. The purpose of this paper is to analyze some of these postulates in order to draw some information that may provide a better understanding of the initial people of North America. Theoretical explanation of initial peopling in North America According to scholars in Linguistics, archaeology and evolutional biology, Native Americans moved from some places in Northeastern parts of Asia. During the last Ice Age, geographical conditions could not allow possible migrations of humans from Asia into America (Dickason 2007). Therefore, the most important task is to explain the route and time that allowed migrations from Asia to America. It is suggested that humans used two routes to reach America- the Bering Land Bridge (Beringia) and along the Northwest coast (watercraft methods). Based on this informa tion, a number of hypotheses have emerged to explain how the ancient people migrated into the New World, despite the large volume of ice. Two major hypotheses, the ice-free corridor and the coastal migration, tend to agree that the initial people of Americas had ancestral ties with populations that lived in Siberia and that the major route was via Beringia. Beringia, also known as the Bering Land Bridge, was a large ice-free area that connected north-west part of North America with north-eastern edge of Asia (Dickason 2007). Several Paleoenvironmental research studies have shown that the area on Beringia has a large volume of animals and plants, which acted as resources for the migrating humans. These resources supported the human populations during the entire late ice age, which suggests that the migration was in progress at this time.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ice-free corridor hypothesis The ice-free corridor hypothesis is considered one of the most effective models of addressing the migration question. This theory, which is based on the understanding that at various stages during the last Ice age, the northern part of America (Canada) was covered with two large sheets of ice (Burns 2006). The southern region of the ice sheets was approximately along the line that marks the modern boundary between the US and Canada. One of the sheets was covering most of the areas that lie to west of the Rocky Mountains while the other sheet was on the areas to the east of these mountains. It is believed that the sheets were joined during most of the last ice age, but they must have been separated, which provided a stretch of iceless land known as the ice-free corridor (Burns 2006). According to theorists, the ice-free corridor makes an important landmark during the migration into the new world. Proponents of this hypothesis believe that people from northeastern parts of Asia first reached Beringia and settled in this region for several years because the two sheets of ice had not separated. However, these populations increasingly moved closer to the areas bordering the ice as it increasingly became warmer. The theorists believe that the populations simply migrated down the corridor when it developed from warming up of the ice sheets (Dillehay 1994). Noteworthy, several animals were the first organisms to migrate down the corridor, which means that humans were following them. In fact, there is substantial information supporting this theory of migration, most of which tend to show that the increase in the human populations in Beringia must have forced some groups to move down the corridor in search of animal resources. For instance, Paleoenvironmental evidence suggests that this route was one of the most possible methods through which human and animal populations reached the northern part of the Americas. However, it is worth no ting that the theory is somehow weak because there is no archaeological evidence to support the hypothesis. In fact, there no archaeological sites in the ice-free corridor, especially the ones that older than 13,000 years, yet the theory attempts to explain that the migrations down the corridor must have taken place more than 15,000 years ago (Dickason 2007). This means that the theory cannot be relied on as the sole method of solving the migration problem. Nevertheless, the hypothesis provides some basic information as well as a platform for additional research to solve the question.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Initial Peopling of North America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Coastal migration hypothesis Secondly, the coastal migration hypothesis attempts to use a different approach to the migration problem. Theorists argue that rather than depending on the large number of animals as resources, the ea rly populations in Asia were largely adapted to the maritime and mostly lived on the coastlines, where food security was assured (Dickason 2007). Therefore, populations spread along the coastlines rather than the interior. This means that the populations migrated along the coastlines. They went round southern margins of the land in Beringia before moving down the west coast of the American continent until they passed the two large sheets of ice (Erlandson 2004). According to some variations of the hypothesis, the earliest populations used boats to move across large water masses before reaching the continent. However, other theorists suggest that it was possible to move on land along the coastlines because the large glaciers did not cover the entire land in the coast (Fladmark 2000). In fact, it is worth noting that most glaciers in the ice ages did not cover the coastlines, which gave some good environment for the survival of animals and plants. This phenomenon must have given the p opulations a chance to maintain foot travel to other continents. In the case of migration into the Americas, a number of evidence supports the coastal migration hypothesis. For instance, locations with a lot of animals and plants needed to maintain the human populations have been found along the coastlines that dates back to 18,000 (Fladmark 2000). This is an important finding because the age falls within the period in which humans populations from Asia migrated into the northern parts of Americas. However, it is clear that the hypothesis lacks archaeological support because there are no archaeological sites along the coastal region, with the few one dating less than 12,000 years. The implication is that there is a gap in knowledge in this explanation and that the theory can only be used as a platform or basis for further studies. In the 20th century, most scientists disputed this theory based on lack of archaeological evidence. They thought that the number of locations of animal an d plant life on the coastlines, which meant that the human populations could not have used a route devoid of these resources. Nevertheless, environmental studies are increasingly providing new information to support this hypothesis, especially because the populations are thought to have achieved maritime adaptations few years after glaciations (Erlandson 2001). These studies show that human populations stretched from Alaska to California during the migration period (Erlandson 1994).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These two hypotheses are largely based on the knowledge on the Clovis culture, a big-game hunting culture that archaeologists identify as the main way of life among the Asian groups of people during the last ice age. According to Erlandson (1994), artefacts that had fluted and projectile points mainly characterize this culture. The first evidence of these tools was found at Clovis region in New Mexico, USA, following an excavation in 1932. Subsequent excavations reveal that the culture was prominent in all parts of North America and later moved to South America with the migrating groups. In particular, the culture was designated by the use of Clovis, a typical set of tools that had flaked flint and a â€Å"speared† point inserted into a flute-like object. The flute allowed users to insert and remove the point from the shaft when travelling. The flute is one of the most important aspects of the tools in use during human migrations. Carbon dating for Clovis culture has produced substantial information regarding the migration patterns from Asia to North America. Carbon dating these tools has been done in association with animal bones, which has revealed that the tools were used some 13,000 and 12,000 calendar years ago (Stanford and Bradely 2012). Despite this, a number of studies have produced controversial evidence that seems to argue that the tools may not be the most important way of explaining the migrations. For instance, it has been shown that at least 11 out of 22 sites excavated have inherent problems. In fact, some studies indicate that even the sites at Clovis, New Mexico, are problematic. According to such studies, the datable samples in these sites have undergone contaminations due to their integration with earlier materials, rendering them useless in providing evidence to support the migration patterns. Noteworthy, the Younger Drayas Impact Event made an important and effective influence on the existence of the Clovis culture in North America . About 13,000 calendar years ago, the Younger Drayas event had a major impact on the populations, causing the decline of the culture. In addition, the Clovis culture is a relatively weak theory in explaining human migrations in North America. A number of problems are associated with this model. For instance, the model fails to explain why there was a short time between the time of human occupation in North America and their arrival at the south most tips of South America (Gruhn 2004). Humans radiated southwards from Asia to America and South America some 12,000 calendar years ago. This means that the time span used to propagate the populations from the northern end of North America to the southern tip of South America is very short, which shows that it was not possible, considering the geographical and environmental barriers at the time. In addition, evidence collected at the Monte Verde site in Chile has suggested that the Clovis model is relatively weak. Archaeological evidence f rom this site produced some radiocarbon evidence that predate Clovis sites found on the Midwest by more than 1,000 years (Erlandson, Graham, Bourque, Corbett, and Estes 2007). The evidence, however, provides support to the coastal migration model as the most possible route by which the human populations of the last ice age used to reach the south. It suggests that the populations that used the coastlines for migration were able to move fast than their counterparts who used inland migration routes. Noteworthy, a number of studies have shown that the populations had a wide range of food resources, including tubers, shellfish and turtles. This is an additional indication that humans did not rely on the big game culture that involved hunting mammoths, horses, longhorn bison and camels that were the primary food resources for the populations that followed the inland routes from Asia to North America. Charcoal evidence and other human artefacts have also led to confusions in explaining th e entry and existence of human populations in the New World. For instance, along the banks of River Savannah in Allendale, South Caroline, a site known as the Topper archaeological site shows that charcoal and other human artefacts were already in use some 50,000 years ago. Radiocarbon dating of these materials has shown that humans were already in existence some 40,000 years before the purported time of entry into the new world. In fact, it implies that humans already inhabited the New World years before the last glacial period. The implication is that the Clovis culture and the migration models based on it may be ineffective in explaining the migration of humans into Americas. Nevertheless, these new evidences have also been a topic of debate over the last few years. For instance, some studies indicate that charcoal could have resulted from wild fires while geofacts could be mistaken for human artefacts. In fact, it is evident that the region experienced several wildfires caused b y the natural processes years before the entry of first humans in the New World (Heaton 2005). Apart from the Clovis culture model, a number of other theories have been developed with the hope of providing alternative explanations for migration from Eurasia to Americas. The watercraft migrations models are important in explain how humans reached the New World from the populated regions in Asia and Europe. The Pacific coastal model argues that human populations travelled along the coastal regions, which made it possible to reach North America. According to the proponents of this theory, it is clear that coastlines provided the human populations with a good and friendly environment for humans because they support a wide range of resources, including plants and animals (Heaton 2005). Both terrestrial and aquatic lives were protected and maintained at the coastlines, which means that human populations depended on the coastlines for their food. The model attempts to show that humans move d along the coast both on land and on using watercrafts to reach various regions between Asia and America. It explains how the human populations colonised distant regions new Bering point, including the Taima-Taime region in Venezuela as well as the controversial Monte Verde region in Chile. Archaeological excavations have found two layers of cultural components at the Monte Verde site in Chile, which have led to the hypothesis that the Pacific coastal models must have been the most possible routes of migration. The youngest layer is dated about 14,000 years old. It contains various kinds of seaweeds that were used by the coastal inhabitants. The older layer was found to be more than 30,000 years, but it is highly controversial and not used as strong evidence to support the Pacific coastal migration hypothesis (Dixon 2005). The Solutrean Hypothesis A third theory attempts to provide some additional information regarding the migration of the Eurasian populations into the Americas. Kn own as the Solutrean hypothesis, the explanation suggest that the migration did not involve Asian groups, but rather the groups came from Europe across the Atlantic. In fact, the term Solutrean is derived from a culture that was existed in Europe some 18,000 to 20,000 years ago. The possible route must have involved boat and raft migration across the Atlantic before moving down beyond the periglacial environment in the eastern parts of the modern day Canada. Although this hypothesis provides an alternative to the Asia-America migration routes, it has a number of weaknesses. For instance, it lacks biological evidence because most of the indigenous people in North America are biologically related to Asian populations rather than European groups. In addition, the indigenous populations in North America and Asia have a number of general similarities such as cultural attributes. For instance, the stone tool technologies in these two regions are similar especially those developed between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago (Jones 2005). These have been located in various parts of Beringia and north-west parts of North America. On the other hand, there is little archaeological evidence linking the Indigenous groups in America with those of Europe, which suggests that the Solutrean migration theory is not viable. Most archaeologists argue that there are few similarities in stone tools and technologies between the Europeans and North American populations some 20,000 years ago cannot be used to explain the routes of migration into the new world. The Paleoindian hypothesis The Paleoindians of the coast (East Asians) migration model, attempts to show that the earliest humans to reach North America originated from East Asia and were largely boat builders (Stanford and Bradley 2011). Some scholars suggest that boast building communities used crude boats to reach as far south as Chile. For instance, the theory shows that in the coast of British Columbia, a human population known as the Haida that colonized Queen Charlotte Islands must have been one of the groups that used this migratory route from Asia. It is estimated that the group were descendants of early Asian miners that left Asia between 24,000 and 10,000 years ago. Like the Clovis migration models, the watercraft migration models have a number of weaknesses that make them less effective in determining the exact routes and processes of human migration from Eurasia to the New World. For instance, this theory cannot explain how humans and animals survived along the coastlines after the glaciations that submerged most coastal regions by more than 100 meters. For instance, it is clear that sea levels in the world have risen by more than 100 meters after the end of the last glaciations period, which has led to submergence of the old coastlines. These are the coastlines thought to have been used by the migrating groups, which make it difficult to explain how the migrations took place (Dixon 2009). Secondly, i t is worth noting that the theories lack archaeological evidence to support their claims. For instance, there are few sites associated with these migrations and it has become difficult for scientists to discover new sites along the coastlines. In addition, it is worth noting that the former coastlines are now submerged, which means that it is difficult to excavate sites under the water. In addition, genetic studies have shown that some of these theories do not apply at all because there is little evidence to link some European or Asian groups with the indigenous Americans. With genetic studies, it has been shown that some theories like the Solutrean are unlikely and wrong. In the next section, a review of genetic linkages will be developed to show the relationships between the indigenous Americans and some human populations in Asia (Jablonski 2002). Genetic evidence and population linkage theory The development of strong genetic studies, including the polymerised chain reaction and molecular markers improved the process of determining linkages between different organisms. In studying human populations and their relationships, these technologies have proved effective in solving some problems in anthropology and archaeology. Most genetic studies focussing on indigenous Americans are based on the human Y-Chromosome DNA halogroups as well AS HAPLOGROUPS OF Human mitochondrial DNA (Eshleman, Ripan and Smith 2003). These use these groups to determine the relationship between indigenous Americans and other populations in other parts of the world. For instance, according to Perego, Angerhofer, Pala, Olivieri et al (2010), a growing number of mitochondrial genomes from Beringia indicate that human populations migrated from Asia to America through the Beringian routes. Haplogroup C1 of human mitochondrial DNA for Asian and indigenous Americans were sequenced and found to have two C1 halogroups as the founder genomes foe the Paleo-Indians. This study indicates that the A merican natives are closely related with some Asian populations and not European groups. In addition, other studies have shown that several gene linkages, founding halotypes and a wide range of homozygosity and heterozygosity are evident. They indicate that human populations spread from Asia to America through Beringia and involved coastline and inland settlements. For instance, the Alaskans, Inuit and Na-Dene exhibit mutations in their haplogroup Q of their Y-chromosomes. This phenomenon is also evident in some Asian groups but missing in European or African populations. Conclusion This paper indicates that American natives are closely related to a number of Asian groups. Several theories such as the Pacific Rim, Biringia, Solutrean and others have attempted to develop models that explain how the Asian groups reached America. However, genetic studies appear to show that watercraft theories are unlikely, but Clovis migration patterns are important. References Cited Burns, J, 2006. V ertebrate Paleontology and the Alleged Ice-Free Corridor: The Meat of the Matter. Quaternary International 32: 107-112. Dickason, Olive, 2007.  Canadas First Nations: A History of the Founding Peoples from the Earliest Times. 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